摘要
　　本研究之目的在瞭解企業於不同的產業環境下，對於事業網路、組織特質以及競爭策略的採用，其與新產品創新程度的相關性，並探討企業之內外部因素與新產品創新程度的互動，對新產品績效的影響。
　　本研究透過問卷調查的方式收集資料，以國內5000大企業中的製造業為對象，共回收80份有效問卷，並進一步以統計方法分析，包括：因素分析、多元迴歸分析以及變異數分析。
　　研究結果如下：產業環境變數中的「競爭不確定性」會對組織建立新產品創新程度產生顯著正相關。組織結構中組織結構對新產品創新程度有顯著影響，尤其在組織採分權化程度愈高情況下更為顯著。組織競爭策略變數中，當組織採領導者/追隨者策略與技術導向時對新產品創新程度有顯著影響。而新產品創新程度對新產品績效有顯著影響，尤其對財務與市場績效更為顯著。產業環境與新產品創新程度的交互作用，會對新產品績效產生顯著之影響；其中技術與市場不確定性與新產品創新程度之交互作用對財務與市場績效有顯著影響。事業網路與新產品創新程度的交互作用，會對新產品績效產生顯著之影響；其中供應商與新產品創新績效之交互作用會對財務與市場績效及產品績效產生顯著之影響；消費者與新產品創新績效之交互作用會對組織之財務與市場績效產生顯著影響；另外，同業競爭者與新產品創新程度之交互作用也是會對組織之整體績效產生顯著影響。組織特質與新產品創新程度的交互作用，會對新產品績效產生顯著之影響；正式化與新產品創新程度之交互作用會對財務與市場績效和產品績效皆產生顯著之影響；分權化與新產品創新程度之交互作用會對組織之財務與市場績效產生顯著影響；資本額與新產品創新程度之交互作用會對財務與市場績效和產品績效皆產生顯著之影響；員工人數與新產品創新程度之交互作用會對組織之財務與市場績效產生顯著影響。組織競爭策略與新產品創新程度的交互作用，會對新產品績效產生顯著之影響。其中，領導者/追隨者策略與新產品創新程度之交互作用會對財務與市場績效和產品績效皆產生顯著之影響；技術導向與新產品創新程度之交互作用會對組織之財務與市場績效顯著影響；另外，市場導向與新產品創新程度之交互作用會對組織之財務與市場績效和產品績效皆產生顯著之影響。

Abstract

　　Innovation is the way of creating and sustaining business competitive advantage. According to the report of PDMA in America refers to that more than 50% sales derive from new product in high-tech firms, even more than 60% in well-performed firms. Therefore, new product innovation is still a challenge recently to management issue.
　　Although the increasing importance of the new product innovation degree, little has been done in the literature in examining the relationships among the internal and external determinants, the new product innovation degree, and the performance of the new product. Therefore, this study attempts to fill the gap in the literature by providing an integrative research framework through extensive literature review to identify the key determinants and to examine the relationships among these determinants, the new product innovation degree, and the performance of the new product. Based on resource dependency theory and resource-based perspective, hypotheses were proposed and then examined through an empirical study.
　　The population in the study is the top 5000 firms of Taiwan listed in the China Credit Information Service Incorporation. A random stratified sampling method was used to select 90 firms in each of the five levels. 450 questionnaires were mailed. Of the 450 questionnaires mailed, 82 responses were received and fifteen of them were incomplete. The remaining 80 valid and complete questionnaires were used for the quantitative analysis. It represents a useable response rate of 17.78%.
　　The major finding of this study include: First, the results of the multiple-regression analyses show support for the direct effects of industrial environment, organization characteristics, and competitive strategy on the new product innovation degree; then show no significant impact of business network on the new product innovation degree. Secondly, the results of the single regression suggest that the new product innovation degree does have direct impacts on the new product performance. Finally, the results of ANOVA analyses indicate that the industrial environment, organization characteristics, business network and competitive strategy have interaction effects with the new product innovation degree on the performances of the new product.

一、中文部份
1.司徒達賢，1994，「台灣中小企業發展之經營策略」，第一屆中小企業發展學術研討會論文集。
2.吳思華，1988，策略九說，臉譜文化出版。
3.吳思華，1996，策略九說，臉譜出版。
4.吳思華，2000，策略九說：策略思考的本質 ，台北：臉譜。
5.周旭華譯，1999，Michael E. Porter著，競爭策略：產業環境及競爭者分析，台北：天下遠見。
6.許世卿，2000，「不同組織結構對組織公正與組織公民行為關係影響之研究」，國防管理學院資源管理研究所碩士論文。
7.郭崑謨，1986，企業組織與管理，三民書局。
8.陳義勝，1982，「企業主持人人格、組織結構與組織效果關係之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
9.黃延聰，2002，「交易成本與組織能力觀點的比較與整合」，中山管理評論，第10卷第2期，pp. 261-289。
10.樓永堅、吳思華，1996，「我國企業之合作現況與展望」，第五屆產業管理研討會論文集，pp. 207-223。
11.蔡啟通，1997，「組織因素、組織成員整體創造性與組織創新之關係」，國立台灣大學商學研究所博士論文。
12.蘇錦夥、李仁芳，1995，「生產合作網路的整合建構是台灣產業競爭力的基礎」，財團法人中衛發展中心。

二、英文部分
1.Aaker, D. A. 1989. Managing assets and skills: The key to a sustainable competitive advantage. California Management Review, 31(2):91-106.
2.Amabile, T. M. 1988. A model of creativity and innovation in organization. Research in organization behavior, 10: 123-167.
3.Ames, B. C., & Hlavacek, J. D. 1989. Market driven management. Dow Jones-Irwin.
4.Ansoff, H. I., & Steward, M. 1967. Strategies for a technology based business. Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec: 71-83.
5.Balbontin, A., Yazdani, B. B., Cooper R., & Souder, W. E. 2000. New product development practices in American and British firms. Technovation, 20: 257-274.
6.Baldridge, J., & Burnham, R. 1975. Organizational innovation: Industrial, organizational, and environmental impact. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20: 165-176.
7.Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99-120.
8.Bart, C. K. 1999. Controlling new products: A contingency approach. Journal of Technology Management, 18: 395-413.
9.Bennett, C. and Cooper, G., 1984. The product life cycle trap. Business Horizon Sep/Oct.):7-16.
10.Betz, F. 1998. Managing technological innovation–competitive advantage from change. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
11.Blanchard, K. D., & Eunice, P. C. 1996. How to get your group to perform like a team. Training & Development Journal, 5(1): 34-37.
12.Blau, J. R., & McKinley, W. 1979. Ideas, complexity, and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24: 200-219.
13.Bourantas, D. 1989. Avoiding dependence on suppliers and distributors, Long Range Planning, 22: 140-149.
14.Brockhoff, K., & Chakrabarti, A. K. 1988. R&D/Marketing linkage and innovation strategy: Some west German experience. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 35(3): 167-174.
15.Brown, G. M., & Svenson, R. A. 1988. Measuring R&D productivity. Research Technology Management, 31(4): 11-15.
16.Brown, J. W., & Utterback, J. M. 1985. Uncertainly and technical communication pattern. Management Science, 31 (3):301-311.
17.Brown, R. 1992. Managing the “S” curves of innovation. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 9(1): 61-72.
18.Brown, S. L. & Eisenhardt, K. M. 1995. Product development: Past research, present findings, and future directions. Academy of Management Review, 20(2): 343-378.
19.Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. 1981. The management of innovation.　London: Travistock Publications.
20.Child, J. 1972. Organization structure and strategies of control: A replication of the aston study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(2): 163.
21.Collis, D. J. 1991. A resources-based analysis of the global competition: The case of the bearing industry. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 49-68.
22.Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A. 1997. Corporate strategy: Resources and the scope of the firm. Chicago: Irwin.
23.Cooper, R.G. 1984. The strategy performance link in product innovation. R & D Management, 14(4): 247-259.
24.Cooper, R.G., & Kleinschmidt, E. J. 1987. New products:　What separates winners from losers? Journal of Product Innovation Management, 4(3): 169-187.
25.Corsi, T. M., Grimm, C. M., Smith, K. G., & Raymond, D. 1992. The effects of LTL motor carrier size on strategy and performance. Logistics and Transportation Review, 28(2): 129-138.
26.Daft, R. L. 1978. A dual-core model of organizational innovation. Academy of Management Journal, 21(2): 193-210.
27.Daft, R. L. 2001. Organization theory and design, 7th(Eds.), Australia: South- Western College Publishing.
28.Daft, R. L., Sormunem, J., & Parks, D. 1988. Chief executive scanning, environmental characteristics, and company performance: An empirical study. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 123-139.
29.Damanpour F., Szabat, K. A., & Evan, W. M. 1989. The relationship between types of innovation and organizational performance. Journal of Management Studies, 26: 587-601.
30.Damanpour, F. & Evan, M. 1984. Organizational innovation and performance: The problem of organizational lag. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29: 392-409.
31.Damanpour, F. 1991. Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 555-590.
32.Damanpour, F., & Shanthi, G. 2000. The impact of organizational context on innovation adoption in commercial banks. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 47(1): 14-25.
33.Danneels, E., & Kleinschmidt, E. J. 2001. Product innovativeness from the firm’s perspective: Its dimensions and their relation with project selection and performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 18: 357-373.
34.De Ven, V., & Andrew, H. 1986. Central problems in the management of innovation. Management Science, 32: 590-607.
35.Deshpande, R., Farley, J., & Webster, F. 1993. Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness in Japanese firms: A quadrad analysis. Journal of Marketing, 57: 23-27.
36.Despande, R. & Farley, J. U. 1996. Understanding market orientation: A prospectively designed meta-analysis of three market orientation sales. Cambridge. MA: Marketing Science Institute, December: 96-125.
37.Dessler, G. 1986. Organization theory: Integrating structure behavior, Prentice-Hall, N.Y.
38.Dewar, R., & Werbel, J. 1979. Universalistic and contingency predictions of employee satisfaction and conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24: 426-448.
39.Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. 1989. Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science, 35: 1504-1551.
40.Dodgson, M., & Rothwell, R. 1994. The handbook of industrial innovation. Edward Elagar Publishing Company England.
41.Droge, C., & Calantone, R. 1996. New product strategy, structure, and performance in two environments. Industrial marketing management, 25: 555-566.
42.Drucker, P. F. 1974. New templates for today organizations. Harvard Business Review, 52(1): 45.
43.Drucker, P. F. 1985. Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. N.Y., Harper Business.
44.Drucker, P. F. 1998. The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review, 76: 149-157.
45.Duncan, R. B. 1972. Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 313-327.
46.Easingwood, C. J. 1986. New product development for service companies. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 3: 264-275.
47.Eric, M., Walker, O. C., & Ruekert, R. W. 1995. Organizing for effective new product development: The moderating role of product innovativeness. Journal of Marketing, 59(January): 48-62.
48.Fiedler, K. D., Grover, V., & Teng, J. T. C. 1996. An empirically derived taxonomy of information technology structure and its relationship to organizational structure. Journal of Management Information Systems, 13(1): 9-34.
49.Frankel, E. G., 1990. Management of technological change. K luwer, New York.
50.Froelich, K. A. 1999. Diversification of revenue strategies: Evolving resource dependence in nonprofit organizations, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(3): 246-269.
51.Gatignon, H. & Xuereb, J. 1997. Strategic orientation of the firm and new product performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 34: 77-90.
52.Gemunden, H. G., Ritter, T., & Heydebreck, P. 1996. Network configuration and innovation success: An empirical analysis in German high-tech industries. International Journal of Research in Marketing,13(5): 449-462.
53.Gerloff, A. 1985. Organizational theory and design: A strategic approach for management. N.Y., McGraw-Hill: 4-8.
54.Gilbert, A. C. Jr. 1995. Marketing research methodological foundations. The Dryden Press Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Sixth Edition: 490-498.
55.Glueck, W. F. 1976. Business policy: Strategy formation and management action. 2nd (Eds.), New York: McGraw- Hill: 119-147.
56.Gomes, J. F. S., Weerd-Nederhof, P. C., Pearson, A. W., & Cunha, M. P. 2003. Is more always better? An exploration of the differential effects of functional integration on performance in new product development, Technovation, 23: 185-191.
57.Grant, R. M. 1991. The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3): 114-135.
58.Griffin, A. & Page, A. L. 1993. An interim report on measuring product development success and failure. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 10(4): 291-308.
59.Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. 2000. Guest editors’ introduction to the special issue: Strategic networks. Journal of management, 29: 199- 201.
60.Hakansson, H., & Snehota, I. 1995. Developing relationships in business networks. London; Routledge, New York.
61.Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. 1993. Strategy: As stretch and leverage.　Harvard Business Review, 71(2): 77-86.
62.Han, J. K., Kim, N., & Srivastava, R. K. 1998. Market orientation and organizational performance: Is innovation a missing link? Journal of Marketing, 62: 30-45.
63.Haque, B., Pawar, K. S., & Barson, R. J. 2000. Analysing organizational issues in concurrent new product development. International Journal of Production Economics, 67: 169-182.
64.Higgins, J. M. 1995. Innovation: the core competence. Planning Review, 23: 32-36.
65.Hill, C. W. L., & Jones, G. R. 1998. Strategic management theory: An integrated approach. Houghton Mifflin Company, Fourth Edition.
66.Hofer, C. W., & Schendel, D. E. 1978. Strategy formulation: Analytical concepts. St. Paul: West Publishing Co.
67.Holm, D. B., Eriksson, K., & Johanson, J. 1996. Business network and cooperation in international business relationship. Journal of International Business Special Issue, 27(5): 1033-1053.
68.Holt, K. 1983. Production innovation management. Butterworth: 50-51.
69.Hultink, E. J., & Robben, H. S. J. 1999. Launch strategy and new product performance: An empirical examination in the Netherlands. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 16: 545-556.
70.Hussey, D. E. 1997. The innovation challenge. In John-Wiley & Sons (Eds.): 216-218.
71.Irani, Z., & Sharp, J. N. 1997. Integrating continuous improvement and innovation into a corporate culture: A case atudy. Technovation, 17(4): 199-206.
72.James, L. R., & Jones, A. P. 1976. Organizational structure - A review of structural dimensions and their conceptual relational ships with individual attitudes and behavior. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 16(1): 74-113.
73.Jarillo, J. C. 1988. On strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 31-41.
74.Johannessen, J. A., & Do lva, J. O. 1994. Competence and innovation: Identifying critical innovation factors. Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Change, 3(3): 209-222.
75.Johanson, J., & Mattsson, L. 1986. International marketing and internationalization process- A network approach. In Turnbull, P. W., & Paliwoda, S. J. (Eds.), Research in international marketing: 234-265.
76.Jun, S.P. & Gordon, A. 1997. The bases of power in churches: An analysis from a resource dependence perspective, Social Science Journal, 34(2): 105-131.
77.Kanter, R. M. 1988. When a thousand flowers bloom: structural, collective, and social conditions for innovation in organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10: 169-211.
78.Karagozoglu, N., & Brown, W.B. 1993. Time-based management of the new product development process. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 10: 204-215.
79.Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. 1970. Organization and management: A system approach. 2nd (Eds.), N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
80.Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. 1972. General systems theory: Applications for organization and management. Academy of Management Journal, 15(4): 447-465.
81.Khan, A. M., & Manopichetwattana, V. 1989. Innovative and noninnovative small firms: Types and characteristics. Management Science, 35(May): 597-606.
82.King, N., & Anderson, N., 1995. Innovation and change in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
83.Kleinschmdit, E. J., & Cooper, R. G. 1991. The impact of product innovativeness on performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 8: 240-251.
84.Knight, G. 2000. Entrepreneurship and marketing strategy: The SME under globalization. Journal of International Marketing, 8(2): 12-32.
85.Kotler, P. 1991. Marketing management: Analysis, planning and control. 5th (Eds.), Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc.
86.Kotler, P. 1994. Marketing management, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall.
87.Lawrance, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. 1967. Differentiation and integration in complex organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, RCU: 1-47.
88.Lysonski, S., Levas, M., & Lavenka, N. 1995. Environmental uncertainty and organizational structure: a product management perspective. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 4(3): 7-18.
89.Maidique, M. A., & Patch, P. 1982. Corporate strategy and technological policy. Readings in the management of innovation: 273-285.
90.Majaro, S. 1988. The creative gap: Managing ideas for profit. London: Longman.
91.Makridakis, S. 1995. The forthcoming information revolution: Its impact on society and firms. Futures, London, England, 27: 799-821.
92.Matthews, C. H. & Scott, S. G. 1995. Uncertainty and planning in small and entrepreneurial firms: An empirical assessment. Journal of Small Business Management, 33(4): 34-52.
93.Meyer, M. H., & Utterback, J. M. 1993. The product family and the dynamics of core capability. Sloan Management Review, 34(3): 29-47.
94.Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. 1978. Organizational strategy, structure and process. New York, McGraw-Hill.
95.Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. 1992. Causes of failure in network organizations. California Management Review, Summer: 53-72.
96.Miles, R. M. 1980. Macro-organizational behavior. Scott Foresmon and Company: 18.
97.Miller, D. 1986. Configurations of strategy and structure. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 233-250.
98.Miller, K. D. 1993. Industry and country effects on manager’s perception of environment uncertainty. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(4): 693-714.
99.Miner, J. 1983.　Structure in fives: Designing effective organizations. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
100.Ostroff, F. 1999. The horizontal organization. New York: Oxford University Press.
101.Ozsomer, A., Calantone, R. J., & Bonetto, A. D. 1997. What makes firms more innovative? A look at organizational and environmental factors. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 12(6): 400-146.
102.Penrose, E. T. 1959. The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: John Wiley.
103.Peteraf, M. A. 1993. The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(3): 179-191.
104.Pfeffer, J. 1972. Merger as a response to organizational interdependence, Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 382-394.
105.Pfeffer, J. 1982. Organizations and organization theory. Pitman Publishing Inc.
106.Pierce, J., & Delbecq, A. L. 1977. Organization structure, individual attitudes and innovation. Academy of management Review, 2:26-37.
107.Porter, M. 1985. Competitive Advantage. New York: Free Press.
108.Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive strategy: Technique for analyzing industry and competitors. New-York: Free Press.
109.Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive strategy: Technique for analyzing industry and competitors. New-York: Free Press.
110.Powell, W. W. 1990. Neither market nor hierarchy: Networks forms of organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 12: 295-336.
111.Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J., Hinings, C. R., & Turner, C. 1968. Dimensions of organizational structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 13: 65-105.
112.Robbins, S. P. 1990. Organization theory: structure, design, and applications. N. J. Prentice-Hall, Inc: 176.
113.Roger, E. M. 1983. Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press.
114.Rosenbloom, R. S., & Cusumano, M. A. 1987. Technological pioneering and competitive advantage: the birth of the VCR industry. California Management Review, 29(4): 51-77.
115.Rothwell, R. 1992. Successful industrial innovation: critical factors for the 1990s. R＆D Management, 22(3): 221- 239.
116.Ruekert, R. W. 1992. Developing a market orientation: An organizational strategy perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 9: 225-245.
117.Sciulli, L. M. 1998. How organizational structure influences success in various types of innovation. Journal of Retail Banking Services, 20(1): 13-18.
118.Scott, S. G., & Burce, R. A. 1994. Determinates of innovative behavior. A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3): 580-607.
119.Shafer, M. and Oswald, L. 1997. Product-focused manufacturing for strategic advantage. The Journal of Product Innovation Management. 14: 226-227.
120.Shelly, G. S., Stewart, W. H., Swet, R. R., & Luker, W. A. 2000. Convergence versus strategic reorientation: The antecedents of fast-paced organizational change. Journal of Management, 26(5): 911-945.
121.Singh, K., & Mitchell, W. 1996. Precarious collaboration: Business survival after partners shut down or form new partnerships, Strategic Management Journal, 17: 99-115.
122.Song, X. M., & Montoya-Weiss, M. M. 1998. Critical development activities for really new versus incremental products, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15 (2): 124–135.
123.Song, X. M., & Montoya-Weiss, M. M. 2001. The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development. Academy of Management Journal. 44(1):61-80.
124.Song, X. M., & Parry, M. E. 1997a. The determinants of Japanese new product successes. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(February): 64-76.
125.Song, X. M., & Parry, M. E. 1997b. A cross-national comparative study of new product development processes: Japan and the United States. Journal of Marketing, 61(2): 1-18.
126.Souder, E. and Song, M. 1997. Contingent product design and marketing strategies influencing new product success and failure in U.S. and Japanese electronics firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management. 14:21-34.
127.Souder, W. E. 1987. Managing new product innovation. Lexington Book, Toronto.
128.Souder, W. E., Sherman, J. D., & Cooper, R. 1998. Environmental uncertainty, organizational integration, and new product development effectiveness: A test of contingency theory. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15: 520-533.
129.Stalk, G. Jr. 1994. The myth of the horizontal organization. Canadian Business Review, Ottawa, 21: 26-30.
130.Swamidass, P. M., & Newell, W. T. 1987. Manufacturing strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance: A path analytic model. Management Science, 33(4): 509-524.
131.Synder, N. H., & Glueck, W. F. 1982. Can environmental volability be measured objectively ? Academy of Management Journal, 25: 188.
132.Thompson, J. D. 1967. Organization in action. NY: McGraw-Hill.
133.Thorelli, H. B. 1986. Network: Between markets and hierarchies. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 37-51.
134.Tidd, J., Bessant, J., & Pavitt, K. 1997. Managing innovation: integrating technological, market, and organizational change. Chichester, West Sussex, England, New York: John Wiley.
135.Tornatzky, L. G., & Fleischer, M. 1990. The process of technological innovation. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.
136.Tucker, M. L., Meyer, G. D. & Westerman, J. W. 1996. Organizational communication: Development of internal strategic competitive advantage. The Journal of Business Communication, Urbana, 33: 51-70.
137.Tushman, M., & Rosenkopf, L. 1992. Organizational determinants of technological change: Toward a sociology of technological evolution. Research in Organizational Behavior, 14: 311-347.
138.Ulrich, D., & Barney, J. B. 1984. Perspectives in organizations: Resource dependence, efficiency, and population, The Academy of Management Review, 9(3): 471-482.
139.Utterback, J. M., Allen, T. J., Hollomon, H. J., & Marvin, A. S. J. 1976. The process of innovation in five industries in Europe and Japan. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 23(1): 3-9.
140.Uzzi, B. 1997. Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1): 35-67.
141.Walker, O. C., & Ruekert, W. 1987. Marketing’s role in the implementation of business strategies: A critical review and conceptual framework. Journal of Marketing, July: 15-34.
142.Wernerfelt, B. 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(1): 171-180.
143.Wolfe, R. A. 1994. Organizational innovation: Review, critique and suggested research directions. Journal of Management Studies, 31(3): 405-430.
144.Zahra, S. A., De Belardino, S., & Boxx, W. R. 1988. Organizational innovation: Its correlates and its implications for financial performance. International Journal of Management, June: 133-142.
145.Zaltman, G., Duncan, R., & Holbek, J. 1973. Innovations and organizations. Wiley New York.