本研究系統性釐清 316L 沃斯田體、430 肥粒體及 416 麻田散體不鏽鋼之顯微組織、機械性質與氫脆敏感性關聯，並深入探討 416 不鏽鋼經熱處理與焊接後之抗氫機制與應用特性。研究結果證實，416 不鏽鋼因針板狀組織具高差排密度，展現最佳綜合機械性質；惟高差排密度提供大量氫陷阱，氫極易促進裂紋生成與擴展，致使氫脆敏感性居三者首位。相較之下，316L 沃斯田體之延展性對氫具高敏感度；430 肥粒體之氫脆效應則具氫濃度與集氫時間依賴性，呈階段性反應特徵。此外針對 416B 施以 HT1 熱處理，其微觀結構呈多相共存 (α'麻田散體、α肥粒體、鐵鉻固溶體與亞穩態 Fe₂.₄C 碳化物)，此結構大幅提升降伏強度與硬度，亞穩態 Fe₂.₄C 更作為有效氫陷阱，穩定控制氫原子分布，構成優異抗氫脆強化機制。集氫時間對 HT1 試片之拉伸與拉伸疲勞性質具非線性影響: 集氫 48 小時因氫大量滯留表層引發局部應力集中，致使性質顯著劣化；集氫延長至 96 小時，氫原子向深層擴散並受氫陷阱捕捉，緩和局部脆化效應，促使拉伸與疲勞表現反呈回升趨勢。惟於高應變速率下，氫未及擴散，削弱原子鍵結，致使高速衝擊韌性降至最低，證實材料氫脆敏感性必須結合慢速拉伸與高速衝擊數據綜合評估。工程應用方面，HT1 試片經 250 ℃ 低溫烘烤脫氫，可驅散氫原子並誘發內部應力回復，顯著提升延展性、衝擊韌性與疲勞壽命，說明氫脆劣化具部分可逆性。此外，針對 416B 母材與 420L 焊材進行衝擊與微觀組織評估，發現 HT1 熱處理雖能有效消除母材殘留應力並提升衝擊韌性，卻導致420L焊道於 500 ℃ 回火產生二次硬化與回火脆化效應，此硬化基地顯著加劇缺口敏感度，導致整體衝擊韌性降低。本研究證實冶金設計、氫擴散行為與外部應變條件交互作用為氫脆性質關鍵，提供高強度416B不鏽鋼於氫能應用重要設計依據。

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a critical reliability concern for high-strength stainless steels in hydrogen-energy systems. This study clarified how microstructure governs the HE susceptibility of 316L austenitic, 430 ferritic, and 416 martensitic stainless steels and developed a heat-treatment route to improve the HE resistance of 416B. Hydrogen was introduced by electrochemical pre-charging, and the specimens were examined by microstructural observation, X-ray diffraction, hardness, tensile, tensile-fatigue, and high-speed impact testing, with SIMS, EPMA, and TEM analyses. Among the as-received steels, 416 showed the best mechanical properties but the highest HE susceptibility, as the high dislocation density of its martensitic structure acted both as a strengthening source and as abundant hydrogen traps. The HT1 heat treatment produced a multi-phase microstructure in which metastable Fe₂.₄C carbide acted as an effective hydrogen trap, markedly improving HE resistance. Charging time had a nonlinear effect on tensile and fatigue behavior, while low-temperature baking partially restored the degraded properties, showing that HE damage is partially reversible. In welded joints, however, HT1 caused secondary hardening and temper embrittlement of the 420L weld metal, sharply reducing impact toughness. Overall, microstructural design, hydrogen diffusion, and strain rate jointly govern the HE properties of stainless steels.

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