ABSTRACT I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF TABLES X CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW 1 1.2. MOTIVATION 3 1.3. OBJECTIVES 4 1.4. RESEARCH PROCEDURE 4 1.5. RESEARCH ORGANIZATION 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT 8 2.2. BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) 9 2.2.1 BIM FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS ANALYSIS 10 2.3. SMART ELEMENTS 11 2.3.1. Knowledge-based BIM Elements 12 2.3.2. Spatial Configuration in BIM Model 13 2.4. VISUAL PROGRAMMING FOR BIM 14 2.5. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 15 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17 3.1. ASSUMPTIONS 18 3.2. BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING 18 3.2.1. Autodesk Revit 2018.3 BIM Software 19 3.3. CONSTRUCTION WORK STANDARDS 26 3.3.1. Wall Finishing Works 27 3.4. DYNAMO VISUAL PROGRAMMING 29 3.4.1. Custom Dynamo Nodes 31 3.4.2. Iron Python in Dynamo 32 CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENT OF SMART BIM MODULES 36 4.1. FRAMEWORK TO DEVELOP SMART BIM MODULES 38 4.2. WALL FINISHING WORKS KNOWLEDGE BASE 40 4.2.1. Exterior Wall Finishing Works Data 40 4.2.2. Interior Wall Finishing Works Data 41 4.2.3. Breaking Down Spatial Configuration Parameters 42 4.2.4. Smart BIM Elements Knowledge Base for Wall Finishing Works 48 4.3. DEVELOPMENT OF SMART BIM MODULES 51 4.3.1. Interior Section 53 A. Interior Input 54 B. Filter Interior Spatial Usage 55 C. Interior Room Assessment 57 D. Finishing Works Analysis 59 E. Parse Analysis Results 69 4.3.2. Exterior Section 79 A. Exterior Input 79 B. Select Element’s Externally Exposed Surfaces (Vertical) 80 C. Select Element’s Externally Exposed Surface (Horizontal) 84 D. Combine and Parse Analysis Result 93 4.4. SMART BIM MODULES OUTPUT 95 4.4.1. Interior Space Analysis Outputs 96 4.4.2. Exterior Space Analysis Outputs 97 CHAPTER 5 98 RESULTS AND VERIFICATION 98 5.1. CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION 99 5.2. CASE STUDY APPROACH 101 5.2.1. BIM Model Development 101 5.2.2. Results Assessment 103 5.3. EMPLOYMENT OF SMART BIM MODULES 104 5.4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 107 5.4.1. Time Efficiency 107 5.4.2. BIM Model Information Extents 108 5.5. DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS 109 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 111 6.1. CONCLUSIONS 112 6.2. FUTURE RESEARCH 113 REFERENCES 115 APPENDIX A 118 APPENDIX B 119 APPENDIX C 120 List of Figures Figure 3. 1 Autodesk Revit 2018.3 Interface (Autodesk Revit 2018.3 Interface) 19 Figure 3. 2 Autodesk Revit Element Hierarchy System 20 Figure 3. 3. US National BIM Standard’s LOD 22 Figure 3. 4 UNIFORMAT II and NRM 2 Standards 27 Figure 3. 5 Dynamo Visual Programming Interface 29 Figure 3. 6 Dynamo Visual Programming Interface (primer.dynamobim.org) 30 Figure 3. 7 Illustration of Custom Dynamo Node (primer.dynamobim.org) 31 Figure 3. 8 Illustration of Iron Python in Dynamo to Access Revit API 33 Figure 3. 9 Illustration of Python Script Editor in Python Node (primer.dynamobim.org) 34 Figure 4. 1 Proposed Framework in Developing Smart BIM Modules 37 Figure 4. 2 Finishing Work Items Knowledge Base for Exterior Section 48 Figure 4. 3 Finishing Work Items Knowledge Base for General Interior Space 49 Figure 4. 4 Finishing Work Items Knowledge Base for Toilet/Bathroom 50 Figure 4. 5 BIM Model of Condominium House Section in Autodesk Revit 51 Figure 4. 6 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow for Interior Building Section Input 54 Figure 4. 7 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Classify Interior Spatial Usage 56 Figure 4. 8 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Check Room Element’s Configurations 57 Figure 4. 9 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Acquire Internally Exposed Vertical Area 59 Figure 4. 10 Illustration of Exposed Vertical Area Analysis 61 Figure 4. 11 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Acquire Interior Paneling Area Region 62 Figure 4. 12 Illustration of Interior Paneling Area Analysis 64 Figure 4. 13 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Acquire Wall Protection List Length 65 Figure 4. 14 Illustration of Wall Protection List Analysis 66 Figure 4. 15 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Acquire Internally Exposed Vertical Area in Bathroom 67 Figure 4. 16 The Dynamo Node Used to Generate Element’s Parameter 70 Figure 4. 17 The Dynamo Node Used to Parse Analysis Result 71 Figure 4. 18 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Create and Parse the Analysis Result of Plastering Work and Paint/Wallpaper Finish Work 72 Figure 4. 19 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Create and Parse the Analysis Result of Wall Paneling Work 74 Figure 4. 20 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Create and Parse the Analysis Result of Wall Protection List Work 75 Figure 4. 21 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Create and Parse the Analysis Result of Work Items in Spatial Usage Recognized as Bathroom 77 Figure 4. 22 The Input Phase to Recognize Externally Exposed Surface of Building Elements 79 Figure 4. 23 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Select Only the Externally Exposed Surface of Elements 80 Figure 4. 24 Illustration of the Process to Acquire Element’s Externally Exposed Regions 83 Figure 4. 25 Illustration of Surrounding Horizontal Area in Opening Elements 85 Figure 4. 26 Python Script Node in Dynamo 85 Figure 4. 27 Functions Available in Revit API Library to Retrieve Opening Elements 86 Figure 4. 28 Python Script Node Interface to Build the Designated Function 87 Figure 4. 29 The Output of Custom Python Script Node Upon Retrieving Opening Elements from Exterior Walls 90 Figure 4. 30 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Quantify Horizontal Regions Around Opening Elements 91 Figure 4. 31 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow to Parse Exterior Wall Finishing Works Analysis Result to Schedule Element 93 Figure 4. 32 BIM Model Alteration After Employing Smart BIM Modules 95 Figure 4. 33 The Analysis Results for Interior Section of the Building 96 Figure 4. 34 The Analysis Results for Exterior Section of the Building 97 Figure 5. 1 Floor plan of Project A Designed by Teoalida Architecture 99 Figure 5. 2 Floor plan of Project B Designed by Teoalida Architecture 100 Figure 5. 3 The BIM Model of Rectangular Block Housing in LOD 300 Terms 102 Figure 5. 4 The BIM Model of Square Tower Apartment in LOD 400 Terms 102 Figure 5. 5 The Formula Used to Measure Time Efficiency 103 Figure 5. 6 The Illustration Figure to Assess Information Contents Improvement 103 Figure 5. 7 The Dynamo Nodes Workflow Executed on the Designated BIM Model 104 Figure 5. 8 The LOD 300 BIM Model Alteration After Employing Smart BIM Modules 105 Figure 5. 9 The LOD 400 BIM Model Alteration After Employing Smart BIM Modules 105 Figure 5. 10 Information Contents on Initial BIM Models Where No Work Items Information is Included 106 Figure 5. 11 Information Contents After Employing Smart BIM modules Which Include Work Items Information 106 List of Tables Table 3. 1 BIM LOD Specification for Exterior Finishing Works 23 Table 3. 2 BIM LOD Specifications for Interior Finishing Works 24 Table 3. 3 Measurement Rules for Building Elements Involved in Finishing Works 28 Table 4. 1 Exterior Wall Finishing Work Items 40 Table 4. 2 Interior Wall Finishing Work Items 41 Table 4. 3 Exterior Wall Finishing Work Items and the Involved Building Elements 42 Table 4. 4 Interior Wall Finishing Work Items and the Involved Building Elements 43 Table 4. 5 Spatial Usage Configuration Terms in Residential Building 44 Table 4. 6 Measurement Rules for Every Element Involved in Exterior Finishing Work Items 46 Table 4. 7 Measurement Rules for Every Element Involved in Interior Finishing Work Items 47 Table 5. 1 Comparison of Completion Time Analysis 107 Table 5. 2 Comparison of Information Contents Extensiveness 108 Table 5. 3 Wall Finishing Work Item Contents Within the BIM Models 108