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研究生：	簡彰宏 Chien, Chang-Hung
論文名稱：	應用於高輸入電壓的柔性切換共振式轉換器之研製 Zero-voltage Switching Resonant Converters for High Input Voltage Applications
指導教授：	王永和 Wang, Yeong-Her
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 微電子工程研究所 Institute of Microelectronics
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	197
中文關鍵詞：	零電壓切換(ZVS) 、零電流切換(ZCS) 、柔性切換、共振式轉換器、電流分流、串聯連接變壓器、並聯連接變壓器
外文關鍵詞：	Zero-voltage switching (ZVS), Zero-current switching (ZCS), soft-switching, resonant converter, current sharing, series-connected transformers, parallel-connected transformers
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本論文研製三個應用於高輸入電壓480V～600V、24V/40A輸出之新型零電壓切換的共振式轉換器，三種電路架構於一次側採取二個輸入電容及二個串聯半橋臂疊接架構來使四個主動開關分別最大只需承受一半的輸入電壓即可，進而解決傳統LLC共振式轉換器與順向式轉換器功率開關至少需耐一倍以上的輸入電壓之限制，故文中提出三種電路皆適用於高輸入電壓應用；且電路中所有主動開關在任何負載及輸入電壓情況下皆可零電壓情況下切換導通，讓功率半導體元件切換損失減至最低，亦提高整體效率。
電路架構一與二，採取二個並聯對稱、開關觸發訊號為互補式的半橋共振式轉換器來傳送輸入功率，故可使輸入的電流平均分攤給二個並聯支路，讓兩共振式轉換器的切換開關、被動元件承受工作電流降至原本輸出瓦數之一半，更可使輸入端的電流漣波縮小，降低輸入電容值，所以對輸入的部分，即可順利降低功率主動開關與被動元件之耐流值及耐壓值，避免採用高規格成本的功率半導體元件，此外，更可使元件與電路的導通損失下降，且變壓器所需之磁性元件也可縮減，進一步克服傳統LLC共振式轉換器在高輸出功率時所面臨之課題。
於架構一電路中，採用變壓器一次側串聯、二次側並聯的連接方式；此方法可成功地確保平衡輸出端各支路的電流，更順利平均各整流二極體上的電流大小一致，所以元件上的耐流值能順利下降，也因導通損減少而提升電路整體效率至平均約90.5 % 以上，元件熱問題亦一併解決。
電路架構二，改採變壓器一次側、二次側皆串聯連接，進一步確保一次側、二次側各支路的電流平衡，實驗結果證實此種變壓器接法確實有助電流平均分流之效。另外，由於輸出端為串聯方式，讓原先需八個整流二極體之中間抽頭架構減至只需四個來取代即可，故，降低整流二極體的成本與數量，也達到希冀電路縮小化的目標，更使電路整體效率平均約88 % 以上。
再者，串疊二個（cascode）相同半橋架構的共振式轉換器方式來完成第三種研究電路，此方式是於各半橋架構的共振式轉換器中採取變壓器一次側串聯、二次側並聯的連接方法，然後再用交錯四分之一切換週期的訊號來分別控制兩個半橋電路，使輸入與輸出端的電流能交錯，讓輸入與輸出於電容上的電流漣波皆可下降，進而解決傳統LLC共振式轉換器高輸出電流漣波之難題。其次，一次側串聯方式讓各輸出端支路的電流平衡，而二次側並聯則使整流二極上的電流量下降，達成輸出分流及元件耐流減小之目標，故電路整體效率亦可達約92 % 以上。
另一方面，本論文研究之三種電路中，在變壓器二次側之整流元件所需之耐壓值皆約輸出電壓的二倍，所以不須如非對稱式半橋轉換器需求數倍於輸出電壓規格的耐壓整流二極體，進而減少整流元件的價格和電路成本。如為了避免二極體之反向再複合問題所造成之系統效率損失，亦可藉由設計電路切換頻率低於串聯共振頻率，就可達成整流二極體零電流截止之功效來消除反向再複合損失（二極體的相關切換損失）。最後本研究之電路適用於高壓輸入系統，如三相380V電源系統（three-phase 380V utility system）、船艦電源分佈系統（ship electric power distribution system）、伺服器電源系統（server power supply）、資料儲存電源系統（data storage system）、燃料電池系統（fuel cell system）…等。

In this dissertation, three novel zero-voltage switching resonant converters are proposed. The proposed converter 1 and converter 2 combine two parallel resonant converter cells by operating with an interleaved half switching cycle to allot the input current equally on active switches, and to mitigate the root-mean-square (rms) current on primary windings such that the copper losses of transformers and the size of the magnetic core are reduced. Using the complementary circuit modules to transport the energy lessens the ripple current on the input capacitor such that the capacitance is reduced. Therefore, those topologies defeat the high current stress of passive and active component disadvantage of formal LLC resonant converter for high power. By incorporating the two series half-bridge legs and two split capacitors to limit the stress voltage of active switches within a half input voltage, two high 480V to 600V input and 24V/40A output resonant converters for high input voltage applications are demonstrated. To balance the secondary winding currents and share the load currents, the series-parallel connected transformers are adopted in converter 1. Not only is the heat effectively relieved, but also is higher efficiency performed due to the less switching and conduction losses. Besides, the series–series connected transformers are adopted in converter 2 to balance the primary and secondary winding currents. Not only is the heat effectively relieved, but only four rectifier diodes are also used as replacement of the eight features in terms of low cost, small size, and light weight. The average active-mode efficiency of converter 1 and converter 2 are above 90.5 % and 88 %, respectively.
Moreover, a novel DC/DC converter with cascode two circuit modules for high input voltage application is researched in converter 3. The converter combines two series resonant converter cells by operating with an interleaved one-fourth switching cycle to allot the input current equally on active switches. Using the interleaved circuit modules to transport the energy lessens the ripple current on the input and output capacitors such that the capacitance is reduced. The primary windings of two transformers are connected in series to balance the secondary winding currents, and the secondary windings of two transformers are connected in parallel to reduce the current stresses on the secondary windings. The average active-mode efficiency is above 92 %.
On the other hand, the voltage stress of the rectifier diodes in those topologies are almost clamped to twice the output voltage, rather than being more than twice that of asymmetrical half-bridge converters. Thus, low voltage rating Schottky or ultra-fast diodes are used in the second side to reduce cost. To decrease the reverse recovery losses of rectifier diodes, the switching frequency at full load is designed to be lower than the series resonant frequency. The high input voltage applications include three-phase 380V utility system, ship electric power distribution system, server power supply, data storage system, and fuel cell system.

ABSTRACT(Chinese)-----------------------------------------I
ABSTRACT(English)----------------------------------------IV 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT(Chinese)---------------------------------VII
CONTENTS-----------------------------------------------VIII
FIGURE CAPTIONS------------------------------------------XI
TABLE CAPTIONS-------------------------------------------XX

CHAPTER 1  INTRODUCTION
        1.1 Research background---------------------------01
        1.2 Objectives and motivation---------------------09
        1.3 Organization of dissertation------------------10

CHAPTER 2  RESONANT CONVERTER
        2.1 Introduction----------------------------------13
        2.2 Resonant conversion---------------------------14
        2.3 Conventional half-bridge LLC resonant converter 
            with center-tapped rectifier analysis---------17
        2.4 Series resonant converter---------------------21
        2.5 Parallel resonant converter-------------------22
        2.6 Series parallel resonant converter------------23
        2.7 LLC resonant converter------------------------24
        2.8 Summary---------------------------------------25

CHAPTER 3   PARALLEL ZVS RESONANT CONVERTER FOR HIGH INPUT  
            VOLTAGE APPLICATION
        3.1 Introduction----------------------------------27
        3.2 Circuit configuration-------------------------29
        3.3 Operation principle---------------------------32
        3.4 System analysis-------------------------------46
        3.5 Design example--------------------------------50
        3.6 Experimental results--------------------------55
        3.7 Summary---------------------------------------71
         
CHAPTER 4   HIGH INPUT VOLTAGE ZVS RESONANT CONVERTER WITH 
            SERIES-SERIES CONNECTED TRANSFORMERS 
        4.1 Introduction----------------------------------73
        4.2 Circuit configuration-------------------------76
        4.3 Operation principle---------------------------80
        4.4 System analysis-------------------------------94
        4.5 Design example--------------------------------98
        4.6 Experimental results-------------------------103
        4.7 Summary--------------------------------------117

CHAPTER 5  HIGH INPUT VOLTAGE ZVS RESONANT CONVERTER WITH 
           TWO HALF-BRIDGE LEGS AND SERIES-PARALLEL 
           CONNECTED TRANSFORMERS
        5.1 Introduction---------------------------------119
        5.2 Circuit configuration------------------------122
        5.3 Operation principle--------------------------126
        5.4 System analysis------------------------------155
        5.5 Design example-------------------------------159
        5.6 Experimental results-------------------------164
        5.7 Summary--------------------------------------180

CHAPTER 6  CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 
        6.1 Conclusion-----------------------------------181
        6.2 Future work----------------------------------187

REFERENCES-----------------------------------------------189
PUBLICATION LIST-----------------------------------------196
VITA-----------------------------------------------------197
                                    

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校內：2018-07-25公開
校外：不公開電子論文尚未授權公開，紙本請查館藏目錄

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