赤箭屬是由蘭科腐生植物組成，該屬植物沒有葉子以及傳播距離受到蟲媒的限制。此特殊的生活型態有利於族群間以及物種間的遺傳分化。分類學目前在赤箭屬下鑑定了60個物種，主要分布於台灣、尼泊爾、不丹、日本、韓國、印度、中國以及西伯利亞。台灣赤箭屬目前可分成三個亞屬，分別是天麻赤箭亞屬、珊瑚赤箭亞屬以及小赤箭亞屬。在本研究中，總共檢驗了九個物種，其中包含天麻赤箭亞屬的高赤箭和爪哇赤箭；珊瑚赤箭亞屬的夏赤箭；小赤箭亞屬的春赤箭、北插天赤箭、冬赤箭、烏來赤箭、閉花赤箭以及擬八代赤箭。使用次世代定序技術建立了夏赤箭的地下莖部轉錄體，總共組裝以及註解了31,703個基因，從中隨機選取59個基因做為演化分析的分子標記。在59個分子標記中，有47%的基因位點呈現較高的同義置換率以及符合亞屬分類的親緣關係。PopGene分析結果顯示，在12.9百萬年分歧之後，亞屬間無基因交流的現象，進一步指出高程度的不一致性（53%以上）源自於未完成的譜系排序。經過訊息位點10,000次重複抽樣以及等為基因隨機抽樣的方式模擬親緣關係，模擬結果符合亞屬分類。由IMa2分析，偵測到小赤箭亞屬內存在不間斷的種間基因交流，且結果吻合臨域種化的模式。相較於其他被子植物，赤箭屬較快達到生殖隔離。另外，結構分析更進一步提出了擬八代赤箭是雜交起源的可能性。

Gastrodia is an orchid genus composed by saprophytic species, which do not have leaves and disperse to a limited distance with the aides of insects. These life-form characteristics facilitate genetic differentiation between populations and between species. Taxonomic studies identified 60 species in this genus, which are mostly distributed in Taiwan, Nepal, Bhutan, Japan, Korea, India, China, and Siberia. Gastrodia species in Taiwan belong to three subgenera Gastrodia, Corallogastrodia and Demorchis. In this
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