隨著車載網路技術的蓬勃發展，各式各樣新的車載網路服務也隨之因應而生。其中，多媒體影片串流服務更是未來車載網路服務發展的重點。但由於目前使用3G/3.5G的行動網路頻寬不足以讓在車輛中的乘客有比較高的影片播放品質。因此，在本篇論文中主要研究探討一個協力式影片串流(Cooperative Video Streaming)技術應用於車載網路技術中，提供使用者一較高品質與播放順暢的影片播放服務。當使用者(requester)透過3G/3.5G網路從影片伺服器(video server)下載影片時，由於其3G/3.5G不足以提供較佳的影片品質，使用者將從其臨近車輛中尋求幫助，願意提供幫助的車輛稱之為協助者(helper)。被選中的協助者將透過其3G/3.5G從影片伺服器幫忙下載部分影片並將下載的影片片段利用車對車專用短距通訊技術(Dedicated short-range communications, DSRC)回傳給使用者。但由於車輛拓樸架構，3G/3.5G和DSRC網路品質會隨著時間而改變，因此我們提出一個以服務品質(Quality of Service, QoS)為導向之協力式影片串流控制協定提供使用者較好的影片播放品質。其中，我們針對以下三種系統進行探討: (1) 單躍式(1 hop)非車隊之協力式影片串流系統，(2)單躍式(1 hop)車隊之協力式影片串流系統，(3)多躍式(k hop)車隊之協力式影片串流系統。

With the development of vehicular networks, new types of networking services arise for automotive users. Since vehicles have high mobility, it is difficult to keep stable and reliable network connections between vehicles. With regard to multimedia streaming services, a vehicle may not have good QoS of video streaming using its own individual 3G/3.5G wireless interface. This dissertation is motivated to investigate the cooperative streaming scenario in the vehicular network. When a vehicle, which is called requester, requests a video stream from the Internet using its 3G/3.5G network, it asks helps from vehicles within its k-hop transmission range, in which these vehicles are called helpers, to download the requested video data cooperatively through these vehicles' 3G/3.5G network and then forward these downloaded video to the requested vehicle through V2V Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) networks. Since the topology of a vehicular network may change dynamically, a QoS-awarely cooperative video streaming control protocol is proposed to have better throughput of cooperative video streaming. We simulate the proposed schemes over (1) the 1-hop non-fleet based cooperative video streaming system, (2) the 1-hop fleet based cooperative video streaming system and (3) the k-hop fleet based cooperative video streaming system.

[1] J. Baek, P.S. Fisher, M. Jo, H.H. Chen, ”A reliable overlay video transport protocol for multicast agents in wireless mesh networks”, International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 553-570, 2012.
[2] F. Xie, K.A. Hua, N. Jiang, ”Optimizing Patching-based multicast for video-on-demand in wireless mesh networks”, International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 23, No. 9, pp. 1057-1077, 2010.
[3] Y.C Kao, C.N. Lee, ”Proxy-assisted P2P and multicast transmission schemes for layered-video streaming over wireless networks”, International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 23, No. 9, pp. 1167-1188, 2010.
[4] X. Yang, F.H. Li, M. Li, J. Zhang, B. Li, ”Dynamic bandwidth partition schemes for integrated voice, video, and data traffic in the IEEE 802.11e distributed wireless LANs”, International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 391-412, 2010.
[5] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe and T. Wiegand, ”Overview of the Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 17, No. 9, pp. 110-1120, 2007.
[6] I. Amonou and N. Cammas and S. Kervadec and S. Pateux, ”Optimized Rate-Distortion Extraction With Quality Layers in the Scalable Extension of H.264/AVC”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 17, No. 9, pp. 1168-1193, 2007.
[7] E. Maani and A.K. Katsaggelos, ”Unequal Error Protection for Robust Streaming of Scalable Video Over Packet Lossy Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 407-416, 2010.
[8] N. Qadri, M. Altaf, M. Fleury, M. Ghanbari and H. Sammak, ”Robust Video Streaming over an Urban VANET”, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference onWireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WIMOB), pp. 429-434, 2009.
[9] M.F. Leung and S.H. Chan, ”Broadcast-Based Peer-to-Peer Collaborative Video Streaming Among Mobiles”, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 350-361, 2007.
[10] P. Pahalawatta, R. Berry, T. Pappas and A. Katsaggelos, ”Content-Aware Resource Allocation and Packet Scheduling for Video Transmission over Wireless Networks”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 749 759, 2007.
[11] M. Li, M. Claypool and R. Kinicki, ”Playout Buffer and Rate Optimization for Streaming over IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks”, ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 1-25, 2009.
[12] G. Bianchi, A. Detti, P. Loreti, C. Pisa, S. Thakolsri, W. Kellerer and J. Widmer, ”Cross-layer H.264 scalable video downstream delivery over WLANs”, Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), pp. 1-9, 2010.
[13] L. Xu and J. Helzer, ”Media streaming via TFRC: An Analytical Study of the Impact of TFRC on User-perceived Media Quality”, Computer Networks, Vol. 51, No. 17, pp. 4744-4764, 2007.
[14] S.B. Lee, A.F. Smeaton and G.M. Muntean, ”A Novel Buffer Underflow Avoidance Scheme for Multiple-source High Quality Multimedia Delivery”, IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 590-592, 2010.
[15] C.M. Huang and C.H. Lee, ”Layer 7 Multimedia Proxy Handoff Using Anycast/Multicast in Mobile Networks”, IEEE Transcation on Mobile Computing, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 411-422, 2007.
[16] M. Asefi, J.W. Mark, X. Shen, ”An Application-Centric Inter-Vehicle Routing Protocol for Video Streaming over Multi-Hop Urban VANETs”, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 1-5, 2011.
[17] L. Zhou, Y. Zhang, K. Song, W. Jing, A.V. Vasilakos, ”Distributed Media Services in P2P-Based Vehicular Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol.60, No. 2, pp. 692-703, 2011.
[18] A. Vinel, E. Belyaev, K. Egiazarian, Y. Koucheryavy, ”An Overtaking Assistance System Based on Joint Beaconing and Real-Time Video Transmission”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 2319-2329, 2012.
[19] R. Wang, C. Rezende, H.S. Ramos, R.W. Pazzi, A. Boukerche, A.A.F. Loureiro, ”LIAITHON: A location-aware multipath video streaming scheme for urban vehicular networks”, Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), pp. 436-441, 2012.
[20] P. Sharma, S.J. Lee, J. Brassil and K.G. Shin, ”Handheld Routers: Intelligent Bandwidth Aggregation for Mobile Collaborative Communities”, Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Broadband Networks (BroadNets), pp. 537-547, 2004.
[21] K. Chebrolu and R.R. Rao, ”Bandwidth Aggregation for Real-time Applications in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 5, No.4, pp. 388-404, 2006.
[22] V. Agarwal and R. Rejaie, ”Adaptive Multi-source Streaming in Heterogeneous Peerto-Peer Networks”, Proceedings of ACM/SPIE Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking, pp. 13-25, 2005.
[23] P.Y. Ho and J.Y.B. Lee, ”Predictive Buffering for Multi-Source Video Streaming over the Internet”, Proceedings of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1-6, 2006.
[24] D. Fan, V. Le, Z. Feng, Z. Hu and X. Wang, ”Adaptive Joint Session Scheduling for Multimedia Services in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, Proceedings of IEEE 70th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), pp. 1-5, 2009.
[25] J. Nightingale, Q. Wang and C. Grecos, ”Optimised Transmission of H.264 Scalable Video Streams over Multiple Paths in Mobile Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 2161-2169, 2010.
[26] G. Ananthanarayanan, V.N. Padmanabhan, C.A. Thekkath and L. Ravindranath, ”Collaborative Downloading for Multi homed Wireless Devices”, Proceedings of 8th IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile), pp. 79-84, 2007.
[27] E.S. Hesham, M. Abdelhamid, G. Laurent, Z. Sherali, ”Quality of Service Models for Heterogeneous Networks: Overview and Challenges”, Annales des T´el´ecommunications, Vol. 63, No.11, pp. 639-668, 2008.
[28] A. Sharma, V. Navda, R. Ramjee, V.N. Padmanabhan, and E.M. Belding, ”Cool-Tether: Energy Efficient On-the-fly WiFi Hot-spots using Mobile Phones”, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (CoNEXT), pp. 109-120, 2009.
[29] S.Y. Wang, C.L. Chou, C.C. Lin, ”Increasing Wide-area Download Throughputs on the Roads by Trunking Multiple Cellular Channels over a Vehicular Ad-hoc Network”, Computer Communications, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 268-280, 2009.
[30] Y. Hong, L. Shen and B. Xu, ”Experimental System for Integration of Ad-Hoc and Cellular Network”, Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCom), pp. 1-4, 2009.
[31] T.T. Do, K.A. Hua, A. Aved, F. Liu and N. Jiang, ”Scalable Video-On-Demand Streaming in Mobile Wireless Hybrid Networks”, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1-6, 2009
[32] S. Hua, Y. Guo, Y. Liu, H. Liu and S.S. Panwar, ”Scalable Video Multicast in Hybrid 3G Ad-Hoc Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 402 413, 2011.
[33] J. Luo and D. Guo, ”Neighbor Discovery in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks based on Group Testing”, Proceedings of 46th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, pp. 791-797, 2008.
[34] H.W. Tsai, C. Chen, C.C. Shen, R.H. Jan and H.H. Li, ”Maintaining Cohesive Fleets via Swarming with Small-World Communications”, Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), pp. 1-8, 2009.
[35] R. Khalili, D.L. Goeckel, D. Towsley and A. Swami, ”Neighbor Discovery with Reception Status Feedback to Transmitters”, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), pp. 1-9, 2010.
[36] T. Taleb, E. Sakhaee, A. Jamalipour, K. Hashimoto, N. Kato and Y. Nemoto, ”A Stable Routing Protocol to Support ITS Services in VANET Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 3337-3347, 2007.
[37] T. Okamura, T. Ideguchi, X. Tian and T. Okuda, ”Traffic Evaluation of Group Communication Mechanism among Vehicles”, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology (ICCIT), pp. 223-226, 2009.
[38] R. Zoican and D. Galatchi, ”Analysis and Simulation of a Predictable Routing Protocol for VANETs”, Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC), pp. 153-156, 2010.
[39] L. Zhou, Y. Zhang, K. Song, W. Jing, A.V. Vasilakos, ”Distributed Media Services in P2P-Based Vehicular Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 692-703, 2011.
[40] C.M. Huang, C.W. Lin, C.C. Yang, C.H. Chang and H.H. Ku, ”An SVC-MDC Video Coding Scheme Using the Multi-core Parallel Programming Paradigm for P2P Video Streaming”, Proceedings of ACS/IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), pp. 919-926, 2009.
[41] G. Bianchi, ”Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 535-547, 2000.
[42] S. Floyd, E. Kohler, J. Padhye, ”Profile for Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) Congestion Control ID 3: TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC)”, RFC 4342, 2006.
[43] M.T. Lu, C.K. Lin, J. Yao and H. Chen, “Multiple Description Coding with Spatial- Temporal Hybrid Interpolation for Video Streaming in Peer-to-Peer Networks,” Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE, pp.894-899, February 2003.
[44] C.C. Su, J. Yao and H. Chen, “H.264/AVC Based Multiple Description Coding Scheme,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 265- 268, September 2007.
[45] P. Viswesh, M. Sudheendra, S. Arunabha and L. Baoxin, “An Adaptive Slice Group Multiple Description Coding Technique for Real-time Video Transmission overWireless Networks,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Military Communications, pp. 1-7, October 2007.
[46] S. Zhu and B. Zeng, “Seamless MDVC in P2P: A Transform Domain Approach,” Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, pp. 289- 293, October 2008.
[47] Z. Liu, Y. Sheny, S. Panwary, K. W. Ross, and Y. Wang, “Efficient Substream Encoding and Transmission for P2P Video on Demand,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Packet Video, pp. 143-152, November 2007.
[48] J. R. Taal and R. L. Lagendijk, “Fair Rate Allocation of Scalable Multiple Description Video for Many Clients,” Proceedings of the SPIE, VOL. 5960, pp. 2172-2183, 2005.
[49] H. Guo and K.T. Lo, “CooperativeMedia Data Streaming with Scalable Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 1273-1281, September 2008.
[50] J. Kim, R.M.Mersereau and Y. Altunbasak, “Network Adaptive Video Streaming using Multiple Description Coding and Path Diversity,” Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia & Expo, pp. 653-656, April 2003.
[51] M. Biswas, M.R. Frater and J.F. Arnold, “Multiple Description Wavelet Video Coding Employing a New Tree Structure,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, VOL. 18, NO. 10, pp. 1361-1368, October 2008.
[52] [on-line] The SVC reference software JSVM, http://ftp3.itu.ch/av-arch/jvt-site/
[53] P. Baccichet, T. Schierl, T.Wiegand, and B. Girod, “Low-delay Peer-to-Peer Streaming using Scalable Video Coding,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Packet Video, pp. 173-181, November 2007.
[54] C. Li, C. Yuan, and Y. Zhong, “A Novel Substream Extraction for Scalable Video Coding over P2P Networks,” Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, pp. 1611-1615, February 2009.
[55] M. Mushtaq and T. Ahmed, “Smooth Video Delivery for SVC based Media Streaming over P2P Networks,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Consumer Communications and Networking, pp. 447-451, January 2008.