成功大學博碩士論文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	蘇佑霖 Dhanasekaran, Surender
論文名稱：	可結合自由活塞式史特靈引擎之槽隙式線性振盪發電機的設計、模擬、製作、與實測 Design, Modeling, Prototyping, and Experimenting of a Slot-Spaced Linear Alternator for Free-Piston Stirling Engines
指導教授：	鄭金祥 Cheng, Chin-Hsiang
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 能源工程國際碩博士學位學程 International Master/Doctoral Degree Program on Energy Engineering
論文出版年：	2024
畢業學年度：	112
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	221
外文關鍵詞：	Permanent magnet linear alternator, Slot-spaced linear alternator, Free-piston Stirling Engine, Cogging force reduction, Experimental verification
ORCID：	0000-0003-3474-1782
ResearchGate：	https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Surender-Dhanasekaran
相關次數：	點閱：52 下載：12
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

In this dissertation, the design of a linear alternator optimized for integration with a Free-Piston Stirling Engine (FPSE) is presented. The primary focus of the stator design in this linear alternator is on achieving a lightweight construction while enhancing power density, a significant improvement over traditional tubular topological linear alternators. A novel approach involves incorporating a slot-space within the tooth structure on the exterior portion of the stator back iron, which not only reduces the weight but also enhances the overall performance of the alternator. The designed linear alternator undergoes extensive numerical analyses for parametric evaluation, scrutinizing fundamental parameters such as variations in the stator and magnet materials, along with operational conditions including frequency and stroke length. Further studies are conducted on the effects of slotting to understand its impact on phenomena such as skin effects in the tooth structure and variations in machine performance. Building upon the insights from the parametric analysis, a detailed study on cogging force is conducted. Cogging force, an inherent counteractive force, restricts the translator's linear motion, thereby reducing the machine's lifespan, causing oscillatory power outputs, and increasing maintenance requirements. This research proposes methods to mitigate cogging forces by introducing geometrical modifications to the machine's structure. These changes are aimed at aligning the cogging force profile with the translator's displacement profile, thus minimizing vibrations and potential damage to the FPSE's piston. These modifications also affect the induced voltage, necessitating a balance between reduced voltage impact and cogging force through minor structural adjustments and optimization of the cogging force profile to a sinusoidal shape. Following theoretical and numerical validation, an experimental model of the linear alternator is developed and constructed. This prototype is rigorously tested under controlled conditions, focusing on key experimental variables such as stroke length and frequency. A rotary motor is utilized to simulate the conversion of rotary motion into linear motion, with tests conducted both in open and loaded scenarios. The experimental outcomes demonstrate a strong correlation with the numerical predictions, confirming the efficacy of the design modifications and the overall performance of the developed prototype.

ABSTRACT	I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	III
CONTENTS	V
LIST OF TABLES	IX
LIST OF FIGURES	X
NOMENCLATURE	XV
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1
1. Requirements of advanced clean energy technology	1
2. Free-Piston Stirling Engine	2
2.1. Advantages of Free-Piston Stirling Engine	3
2.2. Disadvantages of Free-Piston Stirling Engine	3
3. Linear Alternator	4
3.1. Classification of linear alternators	5
3.1.1. Topology	5
3.1.1. Phase	5
3.1.1. Mover	6
3.2. Advantages of linear alternator	6
3.3. Applications of linear alternators	7
3.3.1. Free-piston Stirling Engine	8
3.3.2. Wave energy converters	8
3.3.3. Hybrid electric vehicles	9
3.3.4. Regenerative suspension systems	9
3.3.5. Thermoacoustic engines	10
4. Tubular permanent magnet Linear Alternators-A literature review	10
5. Objective and Motivation	20
6. Research Novelties	21
7. Scope of the dissertation	22
CHAPTER 2 DESIGN AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF TUBULAR LINEAR ALTERNATOR	27
1. Governing equations	27
2. Design principles.	29
2.1. Axial magnetic field by Axial and Radial magnet rings	30
2.2. Magnet mass relationship with the geometry	33
2.3. Influence of stroke length and total inductance of LA	34
2.4. Losses in a PMLA	35
2.5. Cogging force on PMLA	36
3. Electromagnetic model of the Tubular PMLA	37
3.1. Numerical analysis	37
3.2. Independence check	39
3.2.1. Grid Independence Check	39
3.2.2. Time Independence Check	40
4. Baseline case	41
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SLOT-SPACED LINEAR ALTERNATOR	43
1. Design of the slot-spaced model	43
2. Baseline case	46
3. Comparison over the conventional tubular PMLA	48
4. Slot-space effects	49
4.1. Sensitivity analysis	49
4.2. Effect on power density.	51
5. Parametric analysis	52
5.1. Stator material	52
5.2. Magnet material	54
5.3. Frequency	55
5.4. Stroke length.	56
6. Modified model	57
CHAPTER 4 REDUCTION OF COGGING FORCE	59
1. Assumptions and conditions	59
2. Geometric alterations	61
2.1. Tooth elimination.	61
2.2. Stator axial notching	62
2.3 Magnet axial notching.	63
2.4. Stator radial notching.	64
2.5. Type of stator axial notching implementation	65
2.6. Stator tooth axial ridging.	66
2.7. Tooth chamfering.	67
2.8. Magnet chamfering.	68
2.9. Magnet splitting.	69
3. Modified model	70
CHAPTER 5 PROTOTYPE AND EXPERIMENTING	72
1. Experimental bed	72
2. Prototype and ancillary parts.	73
3. Datalogging	75
4. Experimental results	76
4.1. 5 mm stroke	78
4.2. 10 mm stroke	79
4.3. 15 mm stroke	80
4.4. 18 mm stroke	82
CHAPTER 6 OBSERVATIONS AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS	84
1. Comparison of simulation and experimental no-load voltage	85
2. Comparison of simulation and experimental load power	86
3. Comparison of experimental power and cogging force for 25 Hz case.	87
4. Comparison of experimental no-load voltage and power for all strokes.	87
5. Convergence of no-load voltage and divergence of induced power.	88
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS	91
1. Future work	93
REFERENCES	94
TABLES AND FIGURES	103
PUBLICATION LIST	199
                                    

[1] M. Allen, P. Antwi-Agyei, F. Aragon-Durand, M. Babiker, P. Bertoldi, M. Bind, S. Brown, et al., "Technical Summary: Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty," 2019.
[2] X. Y. Wu, H. Karakoç, S. D. Kim, and Y. Liang, "Clean energy technologies for a net-zero emissions future: An editorial for the special issue comprising of the selected papers presented at the 13th and 14th International Green Energy Conferences (IGEC2021 and IGEC2022), both held online," International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 20, no. 12, p. 1227, 2023.
[3] P. S. Aithal and S. Acharya, "Impact of Green Energy on Global Warming-A Changing Scenario," International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Education (IJSRME), ISSN (Online): 2455-5630, 2016.
[4] V. Penmetsa and K. E. Holbert, "Climate change effects on solar, wind, and hydro power generation," in 2019 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), pp. 1-6, IEEE, 2019.
[5] D. Mitchell, M. R. Allen, J. W. Hall, B. Muller, L. Rajamani, and C. Le Quéré, "The myriad challenges of the Paris Agreement," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 376, no. 2119, p. 20180066, 2018.
[6] G. Walker, J. R. Senft, G. Walker, and J. R. Senft, Free-piston Stirling Engines, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985.
[7] L. Yan, L. Zhang, J. Peng, L. Zhang, and Z. Jiao, Electromagnetic Linear Machines with Dual Halbach Array. Singapore: Springer Verlag, 2017.
[8] N. B. Hung and O. Lim, "A review of free-piston linear engines," Applied Energy, vol. 178, pp. 78-97, 2016.
[9] J.-M. Kim, M.-M. Koo, J.-H. Jeong, K. Hong, I.-H. Cho, and J.-Y. Choi, "Design and analysis of tubular permanent magnet linear generator for small-scale wave energy converter," *AIP Advances*, vol. 7, no. 5, 2017.
[10] W. R. Cawthorne, P. Famouri, J. Chen, N. N. Clark, T. I. McDaniel, R. J. Atkinson, S. Nandkumar, C. M. Atkinson, and S. Petreanu, "Development of a linear alternator-engine for hybrid electric vehicle applications," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1797-1802, 1999.
[11] P. Famouri, W. R. Cawthorne, N. Clark, S. Nandkumar, C. Atkinson, R. Atkinson, T. McDaniel, and S. Petreanu, "Design and testing of a novel linear alternator and engine system for remote electrical power generation," in IEEE Power Engineering Society. 1999 Winter Meeting (Cat. No. 99CH36233), vol. 1, pp. 108-112, IEEE, 1999.
[12] P. Li, L. Zuo, J. Lu, and L. Xu, "Electromagnetic regenerative suspension system for ground vehicles," in 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), pp. 2513-2518, IEEE, 2014.
[13] C. R. Saha, P. H. Riley, J. Paul, Z. Yu, A. J. Jaworski, and C. M. Johnson, "Halbach array linear alternator for thermo-acoustic engine," Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 178, pp. 179-187, 2012.
[14] P. Zheng, C. Tong, J. Bai, B. Yu, Y. Sui, and W. Shi, "Electromagnetic design and control strategy of an axially magnetized permanent-magnet linear alternator for free-piston Stirling engines," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 2230-2239, 2012.
[15] J. Subramanian, G. Heiskell, F. Mahmudzadeh, and P. Famouri, "Study of radial and axial magnets for linear alternator—Free piston engine system," in 2017 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), pp. 1-6, IEEE, 2017.
[16] P. Zheng, Y. Sui, C. Tong, J. Bai, B. Yu, and F. Lin, "A novel single-phase flux-switching permanent magnet linear generator used for free-piston Stirling engine," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 115, no. 17, 2014.
[17] J.-M. Kim, M.-M. Koo, J.-H. Jeong, K. Hong, I.-H. Cho, and J.-Y. Choi, "Design and analysis of tubular permanent magnet linear generator for small-scale wave energy converter," *AIP Advances*, vol. 7, no. 5, 2017.
[18] K. Mohamed Nor and H. Arof, "Design of a 5 kW tubular permanent magnet linear generator," in 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2004. UPEC 2004., vol. 2, pp. 528-532, IEEE, 2004.
[19] Q. L. Peng, S. M. McMurry, and J. M. D. Coey, "Axial magnetic field produced by axially and radially magnetized permanent rings," Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 268, no. 1-2, pp. 165-169, 2004.
[20] A. S. Jalal, N. J. Baker, and D. Wu, "Design of tubular moving magnet linear alternator for use with an external combustion-free piston engine," 2016, p. 6.
[21] B. Rezaeealam, "Permanent Magnet Tubular Generator with Quasi-Halbach Array for Free-Piston Generator System," International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 1663, 2017.
[22] Ping, Hew Wooi, and Hamzah Arof. "Design of a permanent magnet linear generator." In 2006 International Forum on Strategic Technology, pp. 231-234. IEEE, 2006.
[23] M. F. Iacchetti, R. Shuttleworth, and M. Zhang, "Volt-ampere ratings in electronically tuned linear alternators for thermoacoustic engines," IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1256-1262, 2018.
[24] A. S. Jalal, N. J. Baker, and D. Wu, "The effect of power converter on the design of a Linear Alternator for use with a Joule Cycle-Free Piston Engine," in 2017 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), pp. 1-8, IEEE, 2017.
[25] K.-S. Lee, S.-H. Lee, J.-H. Park, J.-Y. Choi, and K.-H. Sim, "Design and experimental analysis of a 3 kW single-phase linear permanent magnet generator for Stirling engines," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1-5, 2018.
[26] K.-H. Shin, J.-Y. Choi, H.-W. Cho, M.-M. Koo, K.-S. Lee, and S.-H. Lee, "Improving force characteristics of linear oscillatory generator with spring permanent magnet for Stirling engines based on subdomain method," AIP Advances, vol. 14, no. 3, 2024.
[27] A. Rossi, F. Immovilli, C. Bianchini, A. Bellini, and G. Serra, "Design of linear alternators for thermoacoustic machines," in 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 2436-2440, IEEE, 2009.
[28] A. Wang, "Winding Design and Optimization of Single-phase Permanent Magnet Tubular Linear Generator for Direct-drive Wave Power Generation," in 2021 13th International Symposium on Linear Drives for Industry Applications (LDIA), pp. 1-4, IEEE, 2021.
[29] T. A. Johnson, M. T. Leick, and R. W. Moses, "Experimental evaluation of a prototype free piston engine-linear alternator (FPLA) system," SAE Technical Paper No. 2016-01-0677, 2016.
[30] H. Güneş, "Design and manufacture of tube type nonhollow linear generators for suspension systems of electric and hybrid cars," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, vol. 235, no. 5, pp. 1420-1428, 2021.
[31] M. F. Iacchetti, R. Shuttleworth, and M. Zhang, "Volt-ampere ratings in electronically tuned linear alternators for thermoacoustic engines," IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1256-1262, 2018.
[32] J. M. Niedra, "Lightweight linear alternators with and without capacitive tuning," NASA Technical Report, No. NAS 1.26: 185273, 1993.
[33] L. Tutelea, M. C. Kim, Y.-D. Chun, T. H. Kim, S.-B. Lim, J. S. Ahn, J. Lee, and I. Boldea, "A set of experiments to more fully characterize linear PM oscillatory machines," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 4009-4011, 2005.
[34] J. Si, H. Feng, P. Su, and L. Zhang, "Design and analysis of tubular permanent magnet linear wave generator," The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014.
[35] H. Yu, C. Liu, B. Yuan, M. Hu, L. Huang, and S. Zhou, "A permanent magnet tubular linear generator for wave energy conversion," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 111, no. 7, 2012.
[36] Y.-S. Kwon and W.-j. Kim, "Detent-force minimization of double-sided interior permanent-magnet flat linear brushless motor," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1-9, 2015.
[37] C.-F. Wang, J.-X. Shen, Y. Wang, L.-L. Wang, and M.-J. Jin, "A new method for reduction of detent force in permanent magnet flux-switching linear motors," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 2843-2846, 2009.
[38] Y.-w. Zhu, S.-G. Lee, K.-S. Chung, and Y.-H. Cho, "Investigation of auxiliary poles design criteria on reduction of end effect of detent force for PMLSM," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 2863-2866, 2009.
[39] J. Zhao, Q. Mou, K. Guo, X. Liu, J. Li, and Y. Guo, "Reduction of the detent force in a flux-switching permanent magnet linear motor," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1695-1705, 2019.
[40] S.-W. Seo, G.-H. Jang, M.-M. Koo, and J.-Y. Choi, "Characteristic analysis of the influence of auxiliary teeth and notching on the reduction of the detent force of a permanent magnet linear synchronous machine," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1-5, 2018.
[41] L. Guo, Q. Zhou, M. Galea, and W. Lu, "Cogging force optimization of double-sided tubular linear machine with tooth-cutting," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 7161-7169, 2021.
[42] S.-M. Jang, S.-H. Lee, and I.-K. Yoon, "Design criteria for detent force reduction of permanent-magnet linear synchronous motors with Halbach array," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 3261-3263, 2002.
[43] K.-C. Lim, J.-K. Woo, G.-H. Kang, J.-P. Hong, and G.-T. Kim, "Detent force minimization techniques in permanent magnet linear synchronous motors," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1157-1160, 2002.
[44] C. Liu, H. Yu, M. Hu, Q. Liu, and S. Zhou, "Detent force reduction in permanent magnet tubular linear generator for direct-driver wave energy conversion," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1913-1916, 2013.
[45] A. M. Eid, H. W. Lee, and M. Nakaoka, "Detent Force Reduction of Tubular Linear Generator Using an Axial Stepped Permanent Magnet Structure," Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 4, 2006.
[46] B. J. G. De la Bat, R. T. Dobson, T. M. Harms, and A. J. Bell, "Simulation, manufacture and experimental validation of a novel single-acting free-piston Stirling engine electric generator," Applied Energy, vol. 263, p. 114585, 2020.
[47] J. F. Metscher and E. J. Lewandowski, "Development and Validation of Linear Alternator Models for the Advanced Stirling Convertor," in AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, no. E-19016, 2015.
[48] Q. L. Peng, S. M. McMurry, and J. M. D. Coey, "Axial magnetic field produced by axially and radially magnetized permanent rings," Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 268, no. 1-2, pp. 165-169, 2004.
[49] D. Wang and R. Shuttleworth, "Linear alternator design for use in heat energy recovery system," in 6th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2012), pp. 1-6, IET, 2012.
[50] B. Rezaeealam, "Losses Computation in Reciprocating Tubular Permanent Magnet Generator with SMC Core," Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst. (IJPEDS), vol. 9, pp. 1545-1551, 2018.

校內：立即公開
校外：立即公開

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文