本研究主要目的在於探討定期海運業者的適應能力、市場偵測與組織績效之關係。經因素分析後將適應能力分為「降低人事成本」、「組織調整與激勵制度」與「降低營運成本」等三個因素；市場偵測共萃取出「競爭對手」、「價格」與「產經動態」三個因素；組織績效則分為「財務指標績效」與「非財務指標績效」兩個因素。
經由利用結構方程模式分析之結果，定期海運業者市場偵測對適應能力與組織績效均有正向的影響。然而，定期海運業者的適應能力對組織績效有正向影響的關係，在本研究中並沒有得到驗證的支持。本研究之結果可提供定期海運業者營運策略之參考。

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of market scanning and adaptive capabilities on organizational performance in liner shipping. Three types of adaptive capabilities were identified based on a factor analysis. These factors were reducing human cost, adjusting organization and incentive system, and reducing operational cost. In addition, three factors of market scanning were identified, namely, competitor scanning, pricing scanning, and industrial and economic scanning.
This research used a structural equation modeling approach to test the research hypotheses. The results indicated that market scanning had a positive influence on adaptive capabilities and performance. However, the impact of adaptive capabilities on performance was not supported in this study.

一、中文部分
1.王凱民，「週報-總經分析(0105-0110)」，大華證券，民國98年1月。
2.台灣經濟研究院，「美國內需疲軟，衝擊台灣出口最新調查顯示，成長動能仍未回溫」， 97年12月景氣動向調查月報，民國97年12月23日。
3.吳明隆，SPSS統計應用學習實務，三版，台北：知城數位科技，民國95年。
4.吳萬益、林清河，企業研究方法，二版，台北：華泰文化，民國94年。
5.呂國禎，「兩大衝擊，讓台塑神話變調」，商業周刊1101期，民國97年12月29日。
6.李錫銘，「全球貨櫃船隊運能近六千艘1200萬TEU航商備感壓力」中華日報航運電子報，民國97年4月9日。
7.李金娥，「中海集運採節油及提升燃油附加費對抗高油價」，航貿週刊，民國97年7月7日，頁51-52。
8.林光、張志清，航業經營與管理，航貿文化事業有限公司，民國95年
9.林育嫺，「隱匿虧損，市值兩個月蒸發近七億」，商業周刊1101期，民國97年12月29日。
10.林震岩，多變量分析：SPSS的操作與應用，再版，台北：智勝文化，民國96年。
11.長榮海運股份有限公司2007年年報
12.陳穎柔，「日本政府鬆口，承認經濟惡化」，工商時報，民國97年8月7日。
13.張紹勳，研究方法，修定版，台中市：滄海，民92。
14.張毅君、曾如瑩、林宏達、林育嫺，「不敵寒風，奇美電斷尾求生」，商業周刊1101期，民國97年12月29日。
15.陳順宇，多變量分析，第三版，台北市：華泰書局，民94
16.陳尚蓉，農業產銷班組織學習、組織創新與組織績效關係之研究，國立臺灣大學農業推廣學研究所碩士論文，民91。
17.黃俊英，多變量分析，第七版，台北市：中國經企研究所，民國93年。
18.陽明海運股份有限公司2007年年報
19.楊政學，企業研究方法，初版，台北縣：普林斯頓，民94。
20.楊宗儒，市場導向、創業導向、產品創新與組織績效間關係，國立東華大學企業管理學系博士論文，民96年。
21.董吉麟，「外派大陸人員海外適應力對居住意願之影響」，大葉大學國際企業管理學系碩士論文，民國92年。
22.萬海航運股份有限公司2007年年報。
23.劉莉玲，「海外派遣主管之異文化適應力對經營績效影響之研究」，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所博士論文，民國91年。
二、英文部分
1.Aguilar, F.J., 1967. Scanning the Business Environment. Macmillan, New York.
2.Andrews, K.R., 1971. The concept of corporate strategy. Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood.
3.Ansoff, H.I., 1985. Corporate Strategy, McGraw-Hill, New York.
4.Bedeian, A.G. and Zammuto, R.F., 1991. Organizations: Theory and Design. The Dryden Press ,Chicago.
5.Bourgeois, L.J., 1980. Strategy and environment: a conceptual integration. Academy of Management Review, 5, 25-39.
6.Brush, C.G., 1992. Marketplace information scanning practices of new manufacturing ventures. Journal of Small Business Management, 30, 41-53.
7.Brush, C.G. and Peters, M.P., 1992. Marketplace information scanning practices of new service ventures: the impact of owner/funder experience.
8.Carroll, S.J. and Schneier, C.E., 1982. Performance Appraisal and Review Systems. Foresman and Co., Scott.
9.Chakravarthy, B.S., 1982. Adaptation: A promising metaphor for strategic management. Academy of Management Review, 7, 35-44.
10.Christension, C.J., 1973. The contingency theory of organization: A methodological analysis. Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Working Paper HBS 73-136.
11.Corsini, R.J., 1972. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol.1, John Wilet andSons.
12.Cyert, R. M. and March, J. G., A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, 2nd ed, Blackwell, Cambridge, 1992.
13.Daft, R.L. and Weick, K., 1984. Toward a model of organization as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9, 284-295.
14.Daft, R.L., Sormunen, J., and Parks, D., 1988. Chief executive scanning, environmental characteristics, and company performance: an empirical study. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 123-139.
15.Dalton, D.R., Todor, W.D., Spendolin, M.J., Fielding, G.J., and Porter, L.W., 1980. Organizational structure and performance: a critical review. Academy of Management Review, 5, 49-64.
16.Daving, W., and Grown, S., 1992. Incremental decision-making in small manufacturing firms. Journal of small business management, 30, 53-60.
17.Dawes, J., 1999. The relationship between subjective and objective company performance measures in market orientation research: further empirical evidence. Marketing Bulletin, 10, 65-75.
18.Dollinger, M., 1985. Environmental contacts and performance of the smaller firm. Journal of Small Business management, 23, 24-30.
19.Dyer, L. and Reeves, T., 1995. Human resource strategies and firm performance: what do we know and where do we need to go? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6, 656-670.
20.Fahey, L. and King, W.R., 1977. Environment scanning for corporate planning. Business Horizons, 20, 61-71.
21.Farh, J.L., Hoffman, R.C., and Hegarty, W.H., 1984. Assessing environmental scanning at the subunit level: a multitrait - multimethod analysis. Decision Sciences, 15, 197-220.
22.Galbraith, J.R., 1973. Designing Complex Organizations. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
23.Germanischer Lloyd Group 2007 year book.
24.Hair, J.F. Jr, Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.C., 1995. Multivariate Data Analysis: With Readings. Prentice-Hall, NJ
25.Hambrick, D.C., 1980. Operationalizing the concept of business level strategy in research. Academy of Management Review, 5, 567-575.
26.Harris, L.C., 2001. Market orientation and performance: objective and subjective empirical evidence from UK companies. Journal of Management Studies, 38, 17-43.
27.Henderson, B.D., 1984. The application and misapplication of the experience curve. Journal of Business Strategy, 4(Winter), 3-9.
28.Hisrich, R.D. and Peter, M.P., 1989. Entrepreneurship. Irwin, Boston.
29.Hooly, G.J., Lynch, J.E., and Jobber, D., 1992. Generic marketing strategies. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 9, 75-89.
30.Hrebiniak, L.G. and Joyce, W.F., 1985. Organizational adaptation: strategic choice and environmental determinism. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 336-349.
31.Jennings, D.F. and Seaman, S.L. 1994. High and low levels of organizational adaptation: an empirical examination of strategy, structure, and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 459-475.
32.Johnson, J.L. and Kuehn, R., 1987. The small business owner-manager's search for external information. Journal of Small Business Management, 25, 53-60.
33.Jöreskog, K.G., Sörbom, Dag, 1993. LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language. Scientific Software International.
34.Kaplan, R.S., Norton, D.P., 1992. The balanced scorecard—measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review January, February, 71–79.
35.Kaplan, R.S., Norton, D.P., 1996. Translating Strategy into Action: The Balanced Scorecard, Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation, Boston.
36.Kassem, S.M., 1987. Human resource planning and organizational performance: an exploratory analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 8, 387-392.
37.Kumer, V., Aaker, D.A., Day, G.S., 1999. Essentials of Marketing Research. Wiley and Son, New York.
38.McKee, D.O., Varadarajan, P.R., Pride, W.M., 1989. Strategic adaptability and firm performance: a market-contingent perspective. Journal of Management, 53, 21-35.
39.Mehmet, O. and Gordon, G., 1997. Consequences of high and low adaptive capability in UK companies. European Journal of Marketing, 31, 445-466.
40.Miles, R.E. and Snow, C.C., 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. McGraw Hill, New York.
41.Miles, R.H. and Cameron, K.S., 1977. Coffin nails and corporate strategies, School of Organization and Management, Yale University, Working Paper No. 3.
42.Ostroff, C. and Schmitt, N.,1993. Configurations of organizational effectiveness and efficiency. The Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1345-1361.
43.Peters, M.P. and Brush, C.G., 1996. Market information scanning activities and growth in new ventures: a comparison of service and manufacturing businesses. Journal of Business Research, 36, 81-89.
44.Pfeffer, J., and Salancik, G., 1978. The External Control of Organizations. Harper and Row, New York.
45.Powell, T., 1992. Organizational alignment as competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 13, 119-134.
46.Robbins, S.P., 1990. Organization theory: Structure, Design and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, Prenitice Hill, New Jersey.
47.Rogers, E.W. and Wright, P.M., 1998. Measuring organizational performance in strategic human resource management: problems, prospects and performance information markets. Human Resource Management Review, 8, 311-331.
48.Schendel, D.E. and Hofer, C.W., 1979. Strategic Management: A new view of business policy and planning. Brown and company, Boston.
49.Seashore, S., 1965. Criteria of organizational effectiveness. Michigan Business Review, 17, 26-30.
50.Simon, H.A., 1969. The Sciences of the Artificial. MIT Press, Cambridge.
51.Smart, C. and Vertinsky, I., 1984. Strategy and the environment: a study of corporate responses to crises. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 199-213.
52.Smeltzer, L.R., Fann, G.L., and Nikoliaxen, V.N., 1988. Environmental scanning practices in small business. Journal of Small Business Management, 2, 55-62.
53.Snow, C.C. and Hrebiniak, L.G., 1980. Strategy, distinctive competence and organizational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, June, 317-336.
54.Steers, R.M., 1975. Problems in the measurement of organizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 546-558.
55.Stevenson, H.H., Roberts, M.J., and Grousbeck, H.I., 1989. New Business Ventures and the Entrepreneur. Irwin, Homewood.
56.Szilagyi, A.D., 1984. Management and performance. California Goodyear Publishing Company Inc.
57.Szilagyi, A.D. and Wallace, M.J., 1983. Organizational behavior and performance. Pearson Scott Foresman, Scott.
58.Thompson, J.D., 1967. Organization in Action. McGraw-Hill, New York.
59.Tripsas, M. and Gavetti, G., 2000. Capabilities, cognition, and inertia: evidence from digital imaging. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 1147-1161.
60.Venkatraman, N. and Ramanujam, V., 1986. Measurement of business performance in strategy research: a comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review, 11, 801-814.
61.Walker, O.C., Jr. and Ruekert, R.W., 1987. Marketing’s role in the implementation of business strategies: a critical review and conceptual framework. Journal of Marketing, 51, 15-33.
三、網站部分
1.BRS-Alphaliner網站www1.axsmarine.com/public/publicTOP100.php
2.Drewry研究機構網站：www.drewry.co.uk
3.長榮海運公司網頁：www.evergreen-marine.com.tw
4.鉅亨網：www.cnyes.com
5.陽明海運公司網頁www.yangming.com.tw
6.萬海航運公司網頁www.wanhai.com.tw