在曼谷城市遺產區 (拉達那哥欣) 的發展脈絡下，除了旅遊產業的日漸增長，以及中央和地方政府制定的城市發展政策之外，許多研究表明，從國家接管並支持國家主導之仕紳化的執行，尤其基於地方本位之地方置換 (place-based displacement) 形式的是「創意階層」。具體來說，是那些對於創意城市發展抱有美好意圖、來到城市遺產區開發項目的設計師、城市建築師和學者。然而，其結果偏向於支持中上階級的生活形式，並取代了對原居民而言的地方意義。正如世界上許多城市皆已發生的，其可能導致地方上貧困者被迫離開城市遺產區的結果。

本研究旨在探討將趣味和城市遊戲的特色與本質整合之可能性。城市遊戲是指不同人的需求可以透過個人在城市公共空間中的遊戲行為來表達的通用語言，（Steven，2007）其在玩家之間的建立信任、相互理解和共享價值觀中有至關重要的作用（Swanson，2020），並能夠為地方營造框架創造出想像和體驗城市的新方式（Ackermann 等人，2016 ），以在創意城市開發項目的前期製作階段，重新創建收集和理解當地人需求和期望的過程，設計出趣味的地方營造外掛程式，改善地方營造過程，為計劃在社區中開發項目的設計師、城市規劃建築師和學者培養與強化地方感。本研究採用質性方法，藉由文獻探討與專家訪談，探討在地方營造框架中利用趣味及程式遊戲特色的可能性，並以行動研究方法以設計及評估曼谷城市遺產區真實環境中的趣味地方營造外掛原型。

In the context of Bangkok’s urban heritage area (Rattanakosin), in addition to the growth of the tourism industry and the urban development policy done by central and local government, many studies have shown that those who took over from the state to support the execution of the State-led Gentrification, especially in place-based displacement form are the “Creative Class” Specifically, the designers, urban architects, and scholars, who came to develop the project in the urban heritage area with the good intention of creative city development, but the result turned out to support the upper middle class's lifestyle while replacing the meaning of place from the original inhabitants, potentially leading to forced displacement of the poor from the urban heritage area. as has happened in many cities around the world.

This research is designed to discover the possibility of integrating the characteristics and essentials of Play and Urban play which is the universal language that different people’s needs can express through their playful behavior in urban public space, (Steven, 2007) plays a crucial role in creating trust, mutual understanding, and shared values between players (Swanson, 2020), and also be able to create new ways of imagining and experiencing the city. (Ackermann et al. 2016) into a placemaking framework to recreate the process of gathering and comprehending the needs and expectations of the local people during the pre-production phase of a creative city development project in order to design the playful placemaking plug-in to improve the placemaking process to foster the sense of place for designers, urban planning architects, and scholars who planned to develop the project in the community. This research employs qualitative methods. Explore the possibility of utilizing the characteristics of Play & Urban play in a placemaking process through a literature review and expert interview. In addition, action research was conducted to design and evaluate a prototype of a playful placemaking plug-in in the real-world context of Bangkok's urban heritage area.

Ackermann, J., Rauscher, A., & Stein, D. (2016). Introduction: Playin‘in the city. Artistic and Scientific Approaches to Playful Urban Arts. Navigationen-Zeitschrift für Medien-und Kulturwissenschaften, 16(1), 7-23.
Atkinson, R., & Easthope, H. (2009). The consequences of the creative class: The pursuit of creativity strategies in Australia's cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(1), 64-79.
Caillois, R. (2001). Man, play, and games. University of Illinois press.
Choi, Y., & Yim, H. (2005). The perception and the determinants of place attachment. Journal of Korea Planning Association, 40(2), 53-64.
City of Boroondara, (2019). Boroondara Placemaking Framework. https:// www.boroondara.vic.gov.au/about-council/projects-and-major-works/ placemaking/placemaking-framework
City of Manningham, (2022). Manningham Placemaking Framework. https:// www.manningham.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-06/ Manningham%20Placemaking%20Framework.PDF
Cocola Gant, A. (2018). Struggling with the leisure class: Tourism, gentrification and displacement (Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University).
Cocola-Gant, A. (2018). Tourism gentrification. In Handbook of gentrification studies. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Coghlan, D., & Brydon-Miller, M. (Eds.). (2014). The SAGE encyclopedia of action research. Sage.
Cresswell, T. J. (1992). In place/out of place: Geography, ideology and transgression. The University of Wisconsin-Madison.
De Lange, M., & Skaržauskienė, A. (2015). The playful city: Using play and games to foster citizen participation.
Devine-Wright, P. (2009). Rethinking NIMBYism: The role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place‐protective action. Journal of community & applied social psychology, 19(6), 426-441.
Donoff, G. (2014). Plan for a playful city: a typology of ludic ways to increase pedestrian activity (Master's thesis).
Edirisinghe, C., Nijholt, A., & Cheok, A. D. (2016, June). From playable to playful: the humorous city. In International conference on intelligent technologies for interactive entertainment (pp.261-265). Springer, Cham.
El Hosary et al. (2018). Description of local distinctiveness elements. https:// www.researchgate.net/figure/Description-of-local-distinctiveness-elements-El- Hosary-et-al-2018_tbl1_350008669
Erfani, G. (2022). Reconceptualising Sense of Place: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Investigating Individual-Community-Place Interrelationships. Journal of Planning Literature, 08854122221081109.
Florida, R. (2002). Bohemia and economic geography. Journal of economic geography, 2(1), 55-71.
Fridgen, J. D. (1984). Environmental psychology and tourism. Annals of tourism research, 11(1), 19-39.
García-Hernández, M., Calle-Vaquero, M. (2019). Urban Heritage. https:// www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199874002/ obo-9780199874002-0208.xml
Gauntlett, D. (2011). The future of play: Defining the role and value of play in the 21st century. LEGO Learning Institute.
Gieryn, T. F. (2000). A space for place in sociology. Annual review of sociology, 463-496.
Ginting, N., & Wahid, J. (2016). Recalling the Past: Maintaining continuity in urban heritage tourism. Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies, 1(1), 81-89.
Goodman, C. (1979). Choosing Sides: Playground and Street Life on the Lower East Side. New York: Shocken Books. GoodmanChoosing Sides: Playground and Street Life on the Lower East Side1979.
Hashemnezhad, H., Heidari, A. A., & Mohammad Hoseini, P. (2013). Sense of place” and“place attachment. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 3(1), 5-12.
Henricks, T. S. (2020). Play Studies: A Brief History. American Journal of Play, 12(2), 114-155.
Hes, D., Mateo-Babiano, I., & Lee, G. (2020). Fundamentals of placemaking for the built environment: An introduction. In Placemaking fundamentals for the built environment (pp. 1-13). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore.
Huabcharoen, N., & Ellsmore, D. E. (2017). Creative Class and Gentrification: The Case of Old Bangkok Foreigner Communities, Charoenkrung and Talad Noi Neighbourhood. Veridian E-Journal, Silpakorn University (Humanities, Social Sciences and arts), 10(5), 516-535.
Huizinga, J. (1971). Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Beacon Press
Im, S., Kwon, Y., Byeon, J., & Choi, H. (2012). A distribution pattern of the place identity in Daehak-ro. Urban Design Institute of Korea: Journal of the Urban Design Institute of Korea Urban Design, 13(2), 105-118.
Innocent, T. (2020). Citizens of play: Revisiting the relationship between playable and smart cities. In Making smart cities more playable (pp. 25-49). Springer, Singapore.
Innocent, T. (2020). Engaging civic conversation in playable cities. In ACUADS Conference: Engagement, Melbourne, Oct.
Jacobs, J. (1961). Jane jacobs. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, 21(1), 13-25.
Jorgensen, D. L. (1989). The methodology of participant observation. 2003), Qualitative approaches to criminal justice: Perspectives from the field, 12-26.
Kim, C., & Kwak, D. (2022). Formation of Sense of Place Trough Urban Design Project in Chiba, Japan: Relationships between Change of Emotional Values and Experiential Recognition of Place. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 10(3), 108-127.
Lefebvre, H. (2013). Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life. Bloomsbury Publishing.
López‐Morales, E. (2019). State‐Led Gentrification. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, 1–6. doi: 10.1002/9781118568446.eurs
Lorenzen, M., & Andersen, K. V. (2009). Centrality and creativity: does Richard Florida’s creative class offer new insights into urban hierarchy?. Economic Geography, 85(4), 363-390.
Low, S. M., & Altman, I. (1992). Place attachment. In Place attachment (pp. 1-12). Springer, Boston, MA.
Madden, K. (2021). How to Turn a Place Around: A Placemaking Handbook. Project for Public Spaces.
Malanga, S. (2004). The curse of the creative class. City Journal, 14(1), 36-45.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). Preface to motivation theory. Psychosomatic medicine, 5(1), 85-92.
Morhayim, L. (2018). Nightscapes of play: Enjoyment of architecture and urban space through bicycling. Antipode, 50(5), 1311-1329.
Morris, A. (2015). Developing the interview guide. A practical introduction to in-depth interviewing, 39-52.
Moss, G. (2017). Florida’s creative class thesis. In Artistic Enclaves in the Post-Industrial City (pp.13-22). Springer, Cham. Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (2021). https://pubhtml5.com/sktj/xswx/basic
Orbaşli, A. (2000). Is tourism governing conservation in historic towns?. Journal of architectural conservation, 6(3), 7-19.
Participation Research Cluster, Institute of Development Studies. (2004). Participatory Action Research. participatorymethods. https://www.participatorymethods.org/glossary/participatory-action-research
Phetsuriya, N., & Heath, T. (2021). Defining the distinctiveness of urban heritage identity: Chiang Mai old city, Thailand. Social Sciences, 10(3), 101.
Pokharatsiri, J. (2012). Bangkok old town in dissonance: heritage, tourism and gentrification. NAJUA: History of Architecture, Thai Architecture, 9, 120-35.
Prakitnonthakan, C., (2021). State-Led Gentrification ในย่านเก่ากรุงเทพฯ. https:// www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_446657
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness (Vol. 67). London: Pion.
Sicart, M. (2014). Play matters. mit Press.
Sicart, M. (2016). Play and the city. Navigationen-Zeitschrift für medien-und kulturwissenschaften, 16(1), 25-40.
Spariosu, M. (1989). Dionysus reborn: Play and the aesthetic dimension in modern philosophical and scientific discourse. Cornell University Press.
Sterne, J. (2022, December 16). plug-in. Encyclopedia Britannica. https:// www.britannica.com/technology/plug-in
Stevens, Q. (2007). The ludic city: exploring the potential of public spaces. Routledge.
Swanson, R. (2020). A Guide For Creating A Playable City. The Urban Conga
Tuan, Y. F. (1977). Space and place: The perspective of experience. U of Minnesota Press.
Turner, M. (2013). UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape¹. Understanding Heritage, 77.
Twigger-Ross, C., & Uzzell, D. (1996). Place identity and place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16(2), 205-220.
UNESCO. (2013). New life for historic cities: The historic urban landscape approach explained. https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/727/
Vignoles, V. L., Chryssochoou, X., & Breakwell, G. M. (2000). The distinctiveness principle: Identity, meaning, and the bounds of cultural relativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(4), 337-354.
Williams, D. R., Patterson, M. E., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Watson, A. E. (1992). Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place. Leisure sciences, 14(1), 29-46.
Wyckoff, M. A. (2014). Definition of placemaking: Four different types. Planning & Zoning News, 32(3), 1.