目的
透析對末期腎臟病病人而言是有效的救命治療。當透析成為生活常規的一部分時，透析病人卻需要面臨許多生物-精神-社會的壓力，這些壓力對精神疾病的發展是強而有力的模式。過去的研究顯示，憂鬱及失智在透析族群有高的盛行率，而血液透析病人甚至比腹膜透析病人有更高的盛行率。憂鬱與失智也與預後差有相關，但是研究結果仍有爭議。目前罕見研究分析各種精神疾病在透析病人的風險及可能的危險因子。本研究旨在全面性探討精神疾病在不同透析方式病人的風險、可能的危險因子以及精神疾病對死亡率的衝擊。

方法
透過臺灣健保資料庫的重大傷病透析註冊檔案，我們執行一個大型、以族群為基礎的回溯性世代研究。在西元2000年1月1日至西元2009年12月31日間，大於18歲的透析病人，經過發生年、年紀與性別的配對，或是傾向分數的配對後，本研究共收集了4,067位新發生的腹膜透析以及8,134位新發生的血液透析病人。8,134位經過配對、沒有末期腎臟病的病人則為比較組。我們監測精神疾病的發生直到西元2010年。多變量 Cox比例風險模式被用來比較透析族群與非末期腎臟病族群得到精神疾病的風險性並找出危險因子。多變量調整競爭風險分析模式則被用來比較腹膜透析與血液透析族群得到精神疾病的風險性，並比較透析病人有精神疾病及沒有精神疾病的死亡率。

結果
在年紀與性別，或是傾向分數的配對模式中，所有精神疾患、憂鬱疾患、失智症的調整風險比在透析族群顯著的高於非末期腎臟病比較族群。焦慮疾患的風險僅在血液透析族群有顯著高於非末期腎臟疾病族群，在腹膜透析則沒有。思覺失調症及雙相情感性疾患的風險在透析族群跟非末期腎臟疾病族群則無差異。憂鬱疾患在透析的男性族群的風險顯著高於非末期腎臟病男性族群。大於65歲的男性腹膜透析病人有憂鬱疾患的風險會高於男性血液透析病人。大於45歲的透析病人，尤其女性，失智症的風險會顯著的高於非末期腎臟病病人。腹膜透析與血液透析族群之間在失智症的風險則無差異。有任何一種共病的透析族群，憂鬱疾患的風險會顯著高於非末期腎臟病比較組。有超過四種以上共病的腹膜透析族群，憂鬱的風險會顯著高於血液透析族群。有超過四種以上共病的腹膜透析族群以及一至三種共病的血液透析族群，失智症的風險會顯著高於非末期腎臟病族群。有一至三種共病的血液透析族群，失智症的風險會顯著低於腹膜透析族群。但是，有四種以上共病的血液透析族群，失智症的風險會顯著高於腹膜透析族群。在腹膜透析族群及血液透析族群中，精神疾病、憂鬱疾患、失智症與死亡率並無顯著相關。

結論
這是第一篇大規模、以族群為基礎的回溯性世代研究，使用國家的健康資料庫來確認接受不同透析方式的世代族群中各種精神疾病發展的風險。我們的發現證實透析病人精神疾病的風險較高，尤其是焦慮疾患、憂鬱疾患及失智症，並且偵測出發展精神疾病的潛在危險因子。然而，本研究並不支持在腹膜透析及血液透析族群中精神疾病可能促成死亡率的論點。

Background
Dialysis is an effective life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Dialysis patients face numerous bio-psycho-social stressors which provide a strong model of developing mental disorders when dialysis becomes a part of daily life. High prevalence of depression and dementia in dialysis group was reported in previous studies and the risk was even higher in hemodialysis (HD) patients than in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Depression and dementia were also correlated with poor prognosis, yet there were controversial results. Rare study examined the risk of various mental diseases and determined the risk factors associated with developing mental disorders among the dialysis patients. This study aimed to comprehensive survey the risk of mental disorders, to find the potential risk factors and to evaluate the impact of mental disorders on mortality among patients undergoing different dialysis modalities.

Methods
This large-scale, population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted according to the database of dialysis registry for catastrophic illness patients, from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (TNHIRD). From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2009, 4,067 incident PD patients and 8,134 incident HD patients older than eighteen years were enrolled after matching for year, age and sex, or for propensity score. 8,134 patients without ESRD were enrolled as comparison group. The occurrence of mental disorders was followed until 2010. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to compare the risk of mental disorders among dialysis group and non-ESRD group and determine the risk factors. Multivariable adjusted competing risk regression (CRR) model was used to compare the risk of mental disorders between PD and HD groups and compare the risk of mortality between dialysis patients with and without mental disorders.

Results
In age and sex or propensity score matched model, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of total mental disorders, depressive disorders, and dementia was significantly higher in dialysis group than non-ESRD comparison group. The risk of anxiety disorders was only significantly higher in HD group, not PD group, than comparison group. There was no difference of risk of schizophrenia, bipolar disorders between dialysis groups and non-ESRD group. Dialysis male group had significantly higher risk of depressive disorders than non-ESRD male group. PD male patients over than 65 years had higher risk of depressive disorders than HD male patients. Dialysis patients, especial female patients, over than 45 years had significantly higher risk of dementia compared with non-ESRD patients. There was no difference of risk of dementia between PD and HD groups. Dialysis groups with any number of comorbidities had significantly higher risk of depressive disorders than non-ESRD comparison group. PD group with more than four comorbidities had higher risk of depressive disorders than HD group. PD patients with more than four comorbidities and HD group with 1-3 comorbidities had significantly higher risk of dementia than comparison group. The risk of dementia was significantly lower in HD group with 1-3 comorbidities than PD group. Nevertheless, the risk of dementia was higher in HD group with more than four comorbidities than PD group. There was no significantly association between total mental disorders, depressive disorders or dementia and mortality in both PD and HD groups.

Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale, population based retrospective cohort study using a nationwide health database to confirm the risk of development of various mental disorders among cohort groups with different dialysis modalities. Our findings provided evidence of increasing risk of mental disorders, especially anxiety disorders, depressive disorders and dementia, and detected the potential risk factors of developing mental disorders in the dialysis patients. Nevertheless, the findings didn’t support the argument that mental disorders may contribute to mortality in both PD and HD groups.

Abbas Tavallaii, S., Ebrahimnia, M., Shamspour, N., & Assari, S. (2009). Effect of depression on health care utilization in patients with end-stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 20(4), 411-414.
AlDukhayel, A. (2015). Prevalence of depressive symptoms among hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. International journal of health sciences, 9(1), 9-16.
Armaly, Z., Farah, J., Jabbour, A., Bisharat, B., Qader, A. A., Saba, S., et al. (2012). Major depressive disorders in chronic hemodialysis patients in Nazareth: identification and assessment. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 8, 329-338.
Checherita, I. A., Turcu, F., Dragomirescu, R. F., & Ciocalteu, A. (2010). Chronic complications in hemodialysis: correlations with primary renal disease. Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology, 51(1), 21-26.
Chen, C. K., Tsai, Y. C., Hsu, H. J., Wu, I. W., Sun, C. Y., Chou, C. C., et al. (2010). Depression and suicide risk in hemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Psychosomatics, 51(6), 528-528 e526.
Chen, Y. C., Chiou, W. Y., Hung, S. K., Su, Y. C., & Hwang, S. J. (2013). Hepatitis C virus itself is a causal risk factor for chronic kidney disease beyond traditional risk factors: a 6-year nationwide cohort study across Taiwan. BMC Nephrology, 14, 187.
Chen, Y. C., Su, Y. C., Lee, C. C., Huang, Y. S., & Hwang, S. J. (2012). Chronic kidney disease itself is a causal risk factor for stroke beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. PLoS One, 7(4), e36332.
Chen, Y. C., Su, Y. C., Li, C. Y., Wu, C. P., & Lee, M. S. (2015). A nationwide cohort study suggests chronic hepatitis B virus infection increases the risk of end-stage renal disease among patients in Taiwan. Kidney International, 87(5), 1030-1038.
Chen, Y. C., Yeh, H. Y., Wu, J. C., & Wetter, T. (2011). Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database: administrative health care database as study object in bibliometrics. Scientometrics, 86(2), 365-380.
Chiang, P. C., Hou, J. J., Jong, I. C., Hung, P. H., Hsiao, C. Y., Ma, T. L., et al. (2016). Factors Associated with the Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. BioMed Research International, 2016, 5314719.
Chilcot, J., Wellsted, D., Da Silva-Gane, M., & Farrington, K. (2008). Depression on dialysis. Nephron Clinical Practice, 108(4), c256-264.
Christensen, A. J., Wiebe, J. S., Smith, T. W., & Turner, C. W. (1994). Predictors of survival among hemodialysis patients: effect of perceived family support. Health Psychology, 13(6), 521-525.
Cilan, H., Sipahioglu, M. H., Oguzhan, N., Unal, A., Turan, T., Koc, A. N., et al. (2013). Association between depression, nutritional status, and inflammatory markers in peritoneal dialysis patients. Renal Failure, 35(1), 17-22.
Clarkson, K. A., & Robinson, K. (2010). Life on dialysis: a lived experience. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 37(1), 29-35.
Clodi, M., Riedl, M., Schmaldienst, S., Vychytil, A., Kotzmann, H., Kaider, A., et al. (1998). Adrenal function in patients with chronic renal failure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 32(1), 52-55.
Collins, A. J., Foley, R. N., Herzog, C., Chavers, B., Gilbertson, D., Ishani, A., et al. (2011). US Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 57(1 Suppl 1), A8, e1-526.
Coresh, J., Selvin, E., Stevens, L. A., Manzi, J., Kusek, J. W., Eggers, P., et al. (2007). Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(17), 2038-2047.
Cukor, D., Coplan, J., Brown, C., Friedman, S., Newville, H., Safier, M., et al. (2008). Anxiety disorders in adults treated by hemodialysis: a single-center study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 52(1), 128-136.
De Nicola, L., & Zoccali, C. (2016). Chronic kidney disease prevalence in the general population: heterogeneity and concerns. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 31(3), 331-335.
Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J., Gasquet, I., Kovess, V., Lepine, J. P., et al. (2004). Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(21), 2581-2590.
Devins, G. M., Mann, J., Mandin, H., Paul, L. C., Hons, R. B., Burgess, E. D., et al. (1990). Psychosocial predictors of survival in end-stage renal disease. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(2), 127-133.
Drayer, R. A., Piraino, B., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Houck, P. R., Mazumdar, S., Bernardini, J., et al. (2006). Characteristics of depression in hemodialysis patients: symptoms, quality of life and mortality risk. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28(4), 306-312.
Einwohner, R., Bernardini, J., Fried, L., & Piraino, B. (2004). The effect of depressive symptoms on survival in peritoneal dialysis patients. Peritoneal Dialysis International, 24(3), 256-263.
Fan, L., Sarnak, M. J., Tighiouart, H., Drew, D. A., Kantor, A. L., Lou, K. V., et al. (2014). Depression and all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Nephrology, 40(1), 12-18.
Farrokhi, F., Abedi, N., Beyene, J., Kurdyak, P., & Jassal, S. V. (2014). Association between depression and mortality in patients receiving long-term dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 63(4), 623-635.
Fine, J., & Gray, R. (1999). A Proportional Hazards Model for the Subdistribution of a Competing Risk. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 496-509.
Gillespie, C. F., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2005). Hypercortisolemia and depression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67 Suppl 1, S26-28.
Goodkin, D. A., Bragg-Gresham, J. L., Koenig, K. G., Wolfe, R. A., Akiba, T., Andreucci, V. E., et al. (2003). Association of comorbid conditions and mortality in hemodialysis patients in Europe, Japan, and the United States: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14(12), 3270-3277.
Grassmann, A., Gioberge, S., Moeller, S., & Brown, G. (2005). ESRD patients in 2004: global overview of patient numbers, treatment modalities and associated trends. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 20(12), 2587-2593.
Griva, K., Kang, A. W., Yu, Z. L., Lee, V. Y., Zarogianis, S., Chan, M. C., et al. (2016). Predicting technique and patient survival over 12 months in peritoneal dialysis: the role of anxiety and depression. International Urology and Nephrology, 48(5), 791-796.
Hallan, S. I., Matsushita, K., Sang, Y., Mahmoodi, B. K., Black, C., Ishani, A., et al. (2012). Age and association of kidney measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 308(22), 2349-2360.
Harvey, R. J., Skelton-Robinson, M., & Rossor, M. N. (2003). The prevalence and causes of dementia in people under the age of 65 years. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 74(9), 1206-1209.
Heaf, J. G., & Wehberg, S. (2014). Relative survival of peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis patients: effect of cohort and mode of dialysis initiation. PLoS One, 9(3), e90119.
Hedayati, S. S., Bosworth, H. B., Briley, L. P., Sloane, R. J., Pieper, C. F., Kimmel, P. L., et al. (2008). Death or hospitalization of patients on chronic hemodialysis is associated with a physician-based diagnosis of depression. Kidney International, 74(7), 930-936.
Ho, Y. F., & Li, I. C. (2016). The influence of different dialysis modalities on the quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease: A systematic literature review. Psychology & Health, 31(12), 1435-1465.
Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M., & Suls, J. (2009). Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(2), 171-186.
Hsu, Y. C., Lin, J. T., Chen, T. T., Wu, M. S., & Wu, C. Y. (2012). Long-term risk of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis: a 10-year nationwide cohort study. Hepatology, 56(2), 698-705.
Hwang, S. J., Tsai, J. C., & Chen, H. C. (2010). Epidemiology, impact and preventive care of chronic kidney disease in Taiwan. Nephrology (Carlton), 15 Suppl 2, 3-9.
Jain, A. K., Blake, P., Cordy, P., & Garg, A. X. (2012). Global trends in rates of peritoneal dialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 23(3), 533-544.
Jorm, A. F., & Jolley, D. (1998). The incidence of dementia: a meta-analysis. Neurology, 51(3), 728-733.
Kalender, B., Ozdemir, A. C., Dervisoglu, E., & Ozdemir, O. (2007). Quality of life in chronic kidney disease: effects of treatment modality, depression, malnutrition and inflammation. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 61(4), 569-576.
Kao, T. W., Chang, Y. Y., Chen, P. C., Hsu, C. C., Chang, Y. K., Chang, Y. H., et al. (2013). Lifetime costs for peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis in patients in Taiwan. Peritoneal Dialysis International, 33(6), 671-678.
Karopadi, A. N., Mason, G., Rettore, E., & Ronco, C. (2013). Cost of peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis across the world. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 28(10), 2553-2569.
Keating, P. T., Walsh, M., Ribic, C. M., & Brimble, K. S. (2014). The impact of patient preference on dialysis modality and hemodialysis vascular access. BMC Nephrology, 15, 38.
Kimmel, P. L., Peterson, R. A., Weihs, K. L., Simmens, S. J., Alleyne, S., Cruz, I., et al. (2000). Multiple measurements of depression predict mortality in a longitudinal study of chronic hemodialysis outpatients. Kidney International, 57(5), 2093-2098.
Kimmel, P. L., Thamer, M., Richard, C. M., & Ray, N. F. (1998). Psychiatric illness in patients with end-stage renal disease. The American journal of medicine, 105(3), 214-221.
Kimmel, P. L., Weihs, K., & Peterson, R. A. (1993). Survival in hemodialysis patients: the role of depression. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 4(1), 12-27.
Koutsopoulou, V., Theodosopoulou, E., Vantsi, E., Kotrotsiou, E., Kostandinou, V., & Dounousi, E. (2002). Personality dimensions of haemodialysis patients related to initial renal disease. EDTNA/ERCA journal, 28(1), 21-24.
Kuo, C. C., Kuo, H. W., Lee, I. M., Lee, C. T., & Yang, C. Y. (2013). The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients treated with hemodialysis: a population-based cohort study. BMC Nephrology, 14, 15.
Kuo, C. C., Lee, C. T., Lee, I. M., Ho, S. C., & Yang, C. Y. (2012). Risk of herpes zoster in patients treated with long-term hemodialysis: a matched cohort study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 59(3), 428-433.
Kuo, H. W., Tsai, S. S., Tiao, M. M., & Yang, C. Y. (2007). Epidemiological features of CKD in Taiwan. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 49(1), 46-55.
Kurella, M., Chertow, G. M., Luan, J., & Yaffe, K. (2004). Cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(11), 1863-1869.
Kurella, M., Kimmel, P. L., Young, B. S., & Chertow, G. M. (2005). Suicide in the United States end-stage renal disease program. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 16(3), 774-781.
Kurella, M., Mapes, D. L., Port, F. K., & Chertow, G. M. (2006). Correlates and outcomes of dementia among dialysis patients: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 21(9), 2543-2548.
Kurella Tamura, M., & Yaffe, K. (2011). Dementia and cognitive impairment in ESRD: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Kidney International, 79(1), 14-22.
Lacson, E., Jr., Li, N. C., Guerra-Dean, S., Lazarus, M., Hakim, R., & Finkelstein, F. O. (2012). Depressive symptoms associate with high mortality risk and dialysis withdrawal in incident hemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 27(7), 2921-2928.
Lapin, I. P., & Oxenkrug, G. F. (1969). Intensification of the central serotoninergic processes as a possible determinant of the thymoleptic effect. Lancet, 1(7586), 132-136.
Lee, G. (2003). End-stage renal disease in the Asian-Pacific region. Seminars in Nephrology, 23(1), 107-114.
Lee, S., Ryu, J. H., Kim, H., Kim, K. H., Ahn, H. S., Hann, H. J., et al. (2014). An assessment of survival among Korean elderly patients initiating dialysis: a national population-based study. PLoS One, 9(1), e86776.
Lee, Y. C., Hung, S. Y., Wang, H. H., Wang, H. K., Lin, C. W., Chang, M. Y., et al. (2015). Different Risk of Common Gastrointestinal Disease Between Groups Undergoing Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis or With Non-End Stage Renal Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore), 94(36), e1482.
Levey, A. S., Becker, C., & Inker, L. A. (2015). Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria for detection and staging of acute and chronic kidney disease in adults: a systematic review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 313(8), 837-846.
Levey, A. S., & Coresh, J. (2012). Chronic kidney disease. Lancet, 379(9811), 165-180.
Levey, A. S., Stevens, L. A., Schmid, C. H., Zhang, Y. L., Castro, A. F., 3rd, Feldman, H. I., et al. (2009). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Annals of Internal Medicine, 150(9), 604-612.
Lew, S. Q., & Piraino, B. (2005). Quality of life and psychological issues in peritoneal dialysis patients. Seminars in Dialysis, 18(2), 119-123.
Lin, D. Y., Psaty, B. M., & Kronmal, R. A. (1998). Assessing the sensitivity of regression results to unmeasured confounders in observational studies. Biometrics, 54(3), 948-963.
Lin, Y. T., Wu, P. H., Kuo, M. C., Chen, C. S., Chiu, Y. W., Yang, Y. H., et al. (2015). Comparison of dementia risk between end stage renal disease patients with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis--a population based study. Scientific Reports, 5, 8224.
Liyanage, T., Ninomiya, T., Jha, V., Neal, B., Patrice, H. M., Okpechi, I., et al. (2015). Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review. Lancet, 385(9981), 1975-1982.
Loftis, J. M., Huckans, M., & Morasco, B. J. (2010). Neuroimmune mechanisms of cytokine-induced depression: current theories and novel treatment strategies. Neurobiology of Disease, 37(3), 519-533.
Lopes, A. A., Albert, J. M., Young, E. W., Satayathum, S., Pisoni, R. L., Andreucci, V. E., et al. (2004). Screening for depression in hemodialysis patients: associations with diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in the DOPPS. Kidney International, 66(5), 2047-2053.
Lopes, A. A., Bragg, J., Young, E., Goodkin, D., Mapes, D., Combe, C., et al. (2002). Depression as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization among hemodialysis patients in the United States and Europe. Kidney International, 62(1), 199-207.
Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., et al. (2012). Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380(9859), 2095-2128.
Mailloux, L. U., & Haley, W. E. (1998). Hypertension in the ESRD patient: pathophysiology, therapy, outcomes, and future directions. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 32(5), 705-719.
Merikangas, K. R., Jin, R., He, J. P., Kessler, R. C., Lee, S., Sampson, N. A., et al. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(3), 241-251.
Milward, E. A., Grayson, D. A., Creasey, H., Janu, M. R., Brooks, W. S., & Broe, G. A. (1999). Evidence for association of anaemia with vascular dementia. Neuroreport, 10(11), 2377-2381.
Murray, A. M., Tupper, D. E., Knopman, D. S., Gilbertson, D. T., Pederson, S. L., Li, S., et al. (2006). Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common. Neurology, 67(2), 216-223.
Murtagh, F. E., Addington-Hall, J., & Higginson, I. J. (2007). The prevalence of symptoms in end-stage renal disease: a systematic review. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 14(1), 82-99.
O'Brien, S. M., Scott, L. V., & Dinan, T. G. (2004). Cytokines: abnormalities in major depression and implications for pharmacological treatment. Human Psychopharmacology, 19(6), 397-403.
Oxenkrug, G. F. (2010). Tryptophan kynurenine metabolism as a common mediator of genetic and environmental impacts in major depressive disorder: the serotonin hypothesis revisited 40 years later. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 47(1), 56-63.
Oyekcin, D. G., Gulpek, D., Sahin, E. M., & Mete, L. (2012). Depression, anxiety, body image, sexual functioning, and dyadic adjustment associated with dialysis type in chronic renal failure. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 43(3), 227-241.
Pertosa, G., Grandaliano, G., Gesualdo, L., & Schena, F. P. (2000). Clinical relevance of cytokine production in hemodialysis. Kidney International Supplements, 76, S104-111.
Preljevic, V. T., Osthus, T. B., Os, I., Sandvik, L., Opjordsmoen, S., Nordhus, I. H., et al. (2013). Anxiety and depressive disorders in dialysis patients: association to health-related quality of life and mortality. General Hospital Psychiatry, 35(6), 619-624.
Prescott, M. (2006). Managing mental illness in the dialysis treatment environment: a team approach. Nephrology News & Issues, 20(13), 32-33, 36-39, 41.
Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., Wimo, A., Ribeiro, W., & Ferri, C. P. (2013). The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 9(1), 63-75 e62.
Rakowski, D. A., Caillard, S., Agodoa, L. Y., & Abbott, K. C. (2006). Dementia as a predictor of mortality in dialysis patients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 1(5), 1000-1005.
Rob, P. M., Niederstadt, C., & Reusche, E. (2001). Dementia in patients undergoing long-term dialysis: aetiology, differential diagnoses, epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs, 15(9), 691-699.
Saran, R., Li, Y., Robinson, B., Ayanian, J., Balkrishnan, R., Bragg-Gresham, J., et al. (2015). US Renal Data System 2014 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 66(1 Suppl 1), Svii, S1-305.
Smith, K. (2014). Mental health: a world of depression. Nature, 515(7526), 181.
Sonikian, M., Metaxaki, P., Papavasileiou, D., Boufidou, F., Nikolaou, C., Vlassopoulos, D., et al. (2010). Effects of interleukin-6 on depression risk in dialysis patients. American Journal of Nephrology, 31(4), 303-308.
Stasiak, C. E., Bazan, K. S., Kuss, R. S., Schuinski, A. F., & Baroni, G. (2014). Prevalence of anxiety and depression and its comorbidities in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia, 36(3), 325-331.
Steel, Z., Marnane, C., Iranpour, C., Chey, T., Jackson, J. W., Patel, V., et al. (2014). The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2), 476-493.
Thomas, R., Kanso, A., & Sedor, J. R. (2008). Chronic kidney disease and its complications. Primary Care, 35(2), 329-344, vii.
van Os, J., & Kapur, S. (2009). Schizophrenia. Lancet, 374(9690), 635-645.
Varnik, P. (2012). Suicide in the world. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(3), 760-771.
Wang, L. J., & Chen, C. K. (2012). The psychological impact of hemodialysis on patients with chronic renal failure. In: Polenakovic, M. (Ed). Renal Failure - The Facts, 217-236.
Waraich, P., Goldner, E. M., Somers, J. M., & Hsu, L. (2004). Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Canadian journal of psychiatry, 49(2), 124-138.
Wen, C. P., Cheng, T. Y., Tsai, M. K., Chang, Y. C., Chan, H. T., Tsai, S. P., et al. (2008). All-cause mortality attributable to chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study based on 462 293 adults in Taiwan. Lancet, 371(9631), 2173-2182.
White, Y., & Grenyer, B. F. (1999). The biopsychosocial impact of end-stage renal disease: the experience of dialysis patients and their partners. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30(6), 1312-1320.
Wolfgram, D. F., Szabo, A., Murray, A. M., & Whittle, J. (2015). Risk of dementia in peritoneal dialysis patients compared with hemodialysis patients. Peritoneal Dialysis International, 35(2), 189-198.
Yang, W. C., Hwang, S. J., & Taiwan Society of, N. (2008). Incidence, prevalence and mortality trends of dialysis end-stage renal disease in Taiwan from 1990 to 2001: the impact of national health insurance. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 23(12), 3977-3982.
Zhang, L., Wang, F., Wang, L., Wang, W., Liu, B., Liu, J., et al. (2012). Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet, 379(9818), 815-822.