由於汞特有的物化特性，因此被大量運用於工業、農業以及日常生活中。根據過去的調查指出，一般人主要之汞暴露來源是藉由魚的食用而造成汞之暴露。過去台鹼安順廠以水銀電解法製造燒鹼及氯氣近40年，根據調查指出，該廠將製程中產生之汞污泥與含汞廢水掩埋或排放至廠區與鄰近地區。過去研究發現該廠之海水儲水池底泥之總汞濃度高於全台灣12條主要河川之平均值將近600倍；亦有研究顯示當地有部分居民曾經捕抓該海水儲存池中之水生物來食用或販售，顯示當地居民可能有相當高的汞暴露風險。 因此本研究之目的為調查汞污染水域之底泥及各種水生物體中之總汞含量與分佈情形，並計算汞之對於水生物之生物可利用性，並且將海水儲水池水生物食用情形與血液總汞之相關性、以及血液總汞含量與各項健康檢查結果進行探討。 結果顯示，海水儲水池底泥之總汞濃度平均值為25.5±23.6mg/kg（乾基），其中有44.4%的樣本超過土壤管制標準較一般環境高出許多。而水生物含汞量只有1個蟹類樣本超過台灣對於魚貝類中金屬含量之管制標準，且所有魚體樣本之總汞濃度平均值僅略高於一般河川當中之水生物。本研究所推算之生物可利用係數（BSAF）介於0.018-0.084，與國外文獻之BSAF（介於1.4-45.7）相比，是相當低的。本研究共完成494位居住在台鹼安順廠附近之居民血液樣本收集與分析，平均血中總汞為15.4±10.3 μg/L，其中21.7%的居民血液總汞濃度高於一般民眾的總汞濃度（< 20μg/L）。本研究以血液總汞濃度之75th分位將研究族群分為高低濃度兩組，結果顯示血液總汞與年齡（p=0.0172）、海鮮類總飲食量（p=0.0505）呈現顯著之正相關；而高濃度組之男性比例顯著高於低濃度組（p<0.0001），進一步分析發現，男性族群之海鮮類總飲食量顯著高於女性族群（p=0.0009）。高濃度族群肌酸酐與尿素氮之濃度顯著的高於低濃度族群，與文獻結果一致。然而，高濃度族群之血中紅血球與血紅素亦略高於低濃度族群，不同於過去文獻結果，其原因需進一步研究來釐清。尿液生化檢查結果於高低濃度族群間之異常人數比例皆無顯著之差異。

　Owing to the unique physical and chemical properties of mercury, it has been exploited for a variety of uses in industry, agriculture, and supplies. Fish consumption was the main pathway for human exposure to mercury. An-Shun chlor-alkali plant, located in western Tainan, had operated for tens of years and lots of sludge contained mercury produced from the process was dumped in/around the factory. According to previous environmental surveillance, the sediment of seawater reservoir in the plant were highly contaminated with mercury. Local residents used to catch aquatics from the reservoir for consumption. The measured data provided evidence that the residents had high exposure risk of mercury. The aim of this study was to investigate the mercury distribution and biota-sediment availability factors(BSAFs) between sediment and aquatics in the seawater reservoir. Furthermore, to discuss the relationship between seafood consumption, blood total mercury, and results of health examination, respectively. The mean mercury concentration of sediment samples was 25.5±23.6 mg/kg(d.w.). Forty-four percent of sediment samples exceeded the limit of soil total mercury. Only one crab of all aquatic samples which total mercury level exceeded the protective standard of Taiwan, and the average mercury concentration of aquatic samples was slightly higher than those from twelve major rivers in Taiwan. Therefore, compared with former data, the BSAFs calculated in this study was considerably low. 494 residents living near the seawater reservoir were recruited in this study, the average of their blood total mercury was 15.4±10.3 μg/L. There was 21.7% of the subjects whose blood total mercury were higher than general population(20 μg/L). The subjects were grouped by 75 percentile of total mercury levels. Their blood total mercury was significantly correlated with age(p=0.0172) and seafood consumption (p=0.0505). Male ratio of high level group was significantly higher than low level group(p<0.0001). But the male consumed more seafood than the female in this study(p=0.0009). Creatinine and BUN concentrations of high blood mercury level group was higher than low level group, but their blood cell number and Hgb was lower, comparatively. Other items of health examination were no significant differences between two groups.

Aberer W, Gersiner G, and Pehamberger PH, 1990. Ammoniated mercury ointment: outdated but still in use. Contact Dermatitis 23: 168-171.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry（ATSDR）, 1999:.Toxicological profile for mercury（update）. Atlanta, GA: ATSDR, US Department of Health and Human Services.
Ahya SN, Flood K, Paranjothi S, et al., 2001. The Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics: 30th Ed.
Akagi H, Malm, Branches FJP, et al., 1995. Human exposure to mercury due to golding in the Tapajos river basin, Amazon, Brazil: speciation of mercury in human hair, blood and urine. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80: 85-94.
Al-Mufti AW, Copplestone JF, Kazanitzis G, et al., 1976. Epidemiology of organomercury poisoning in Iraq: I. Incidence in a defined area and relationship to the eating of contaminated bread. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 53（Suppl.）: 23-36.
Al-Saleem T, and the Clinical Committee on Mercury Poisoning, 1976. Levels of mercury and pathologic changes in patients with organomercury poisoning. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 53（Suppl.）: 99-104.
Arakawa O, Nakahiro M, and Narahashi T, 1991. Mercury modulation of GABA-activated chloride channels and non-specific cation channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Research 551: 58-63.
Aulerich RJ, Ringer RK, and Iwamoto S, 1974. Effects of dietary mercury in mink. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2: 43-51.
Bakir F, Damluji SF, Amin-Zaki L, et al., 1973. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science 181: 230-241.
Bakir F, Rustam H, Tikriti S, et al., 1980. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of methylmercury poisoning. Postgraduate Medical Journal 56: 1-10.
Barregard LB, Hogstedt A, Schutz A, et al., 1991. Effects of occupational exposure to mercury vapor on lymphocyte micronuclei. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health 17: 263-268.
Biesinger KE, Anderson LE, and Eaton JG, 1982. Chronic effects of inorganic and organic mercury on Daphnia magna: toxicity, accumulation, and loss. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11: 769-774.
Bill M, 2004. Mercury concentrations in water and sediment in Resurrection Creek, Alaska. Final Report, USDA Forest Service, Chugach National Forest. Anchorage, AK.
Birge WJ, Black JA, Westerman AG, et al., 1979. The effects of mercury on reproduction of fish and amphibians. In: J. O. Nriagu (ed.). The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment. pp. 629-655. New York: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.
Bloom NS, and Crecelius EA, 1983. Determination of mercury in seawater at subnanogram per litre levels. Marine Chemistry 14: 46-59.
Bloom NS. 1992: On the chemical form of mercury in edible fish and marine invertebrate tissue. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 1010-1017.
Boischio AA, and Henshel D, 2000. Fish consumption, fish lore, and mercury pollution risk communication for the Madeira River people. Environmental Research 84 (2): 108-126.
Boudou A, Delnomdedieu M, Georgescauld D, et al., 1991. Fundamental roles of biological barriers in mercury accumulation and transfer in freshwater ecosystems（analysis at organism, organ, cell and molecular levels）. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56: 807-822.
Breteler RJ, Valiela I, and Teal JM, 1981. Bioavailability of mercury in several North-eastern U.S. Spartina ecosystems. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 12: 155-166.
Brown IA, 1954. Chronic mercurialism: a cause of the clinical syndrome of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 72: 674-681.
Burbacher TM, Grant KS, Gilbert SG, et al., 1999. The effects of methylmercury exposure on visual and auditory functions in nonhuman primates. The Toxicologist 48: 362.
Burbacher TM, Mohamed MK, and Mottett NK, 1988. Methylmercury effects on reproduction and offspring size at birth. Reproductive Toxicology 1: 267-278.
Burbacher TM, Mohamed MK, Grant KS, et al., 1984. Methyl mercury exposure and reproductive dysfunction in the nonhuman primate. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 75: 18-24.
Calabrese A, MacInnes JR, Nelson DA, et al., 1977. Survival and growth of bivalve larvae under heavy metal stress. Marine Biology 41: 179-184.
Campbell LM, Hecky RE, Muggide R, et al., 2003. Variation and distribution of total mercury in water, sediment and soil from northern Lake Victoria, East Africa. Biogeochemistry 65: 195-211.
Castilhos Z, Bidone E, and Lacerda L, 1998. Increase of the background human exposure to mercury through fish consumption, due to gold mining at the Tapajos River region, Para State, Brazil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61: 202-209.
Castoldi AF, Coccini T, and Manzo L, 2003. Neurotoxic and molecular effects of methylmercury in humans. Reviews on Environmental Health 18:19-31.
Chan HM, Berti PR, Receveur O, et al., 1997. Evaluation of the population distribution of dietary contaminant exposure in an Arctic population using Monte Carlo statistics. Environmental Health Perspectives 105(3): 316-321.
Chang L, and Hartmann HA, 1972. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in experimental mercury intoxication. Acta Neuropathology (Berlin) 221: 179-184.
Chang LW, Yamaguchi S, and Dudley JAW, 1974. Neurological changes in cats following long-term diet of mercury contaminated tuna. Acta Neuropathology (Berlin) 27: 171-176.
Charbonneau S, Munro I, Nera E, et al., 1976. Chronic toxicity of methylmercury in the adult cat. Interim report Toxicology 5: 337-349.
Choi SC, and Bartha R, 1994. Environmental factors affecting mercury methylation in estuarine sediments. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53: 805-812.
Cinca I, Dumitrescu I, Onaca P, et al., 1980. Accidental ethylmercury poisoning with nervous system, skeletal muscle, and myocardium injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 43: 143-149.
Clarkson TW, Magos L, Myers GJ, 2003. Current Concepts: The Toxicology of Mercury — Current Exposures and Clinical Manifestations. New England Journal of Medicine 349:1731-1737.
Concas A, Corda MG, Salis M, et al., 1983. Biochemical changes in the rat cerebellar cortex elicited by chronic treatment with methylmercury. Toxicology Letters 18: 27-33.
Courdier S, Garel M, Mandereau L, et al., 2002. Neurodevelopmental investigations among methylmercury-exposed children in French Guyana. Environmental Research 89: 1-11.
Dag GE, Rita BP, Jon E, et al., 2001. Neuropsychological effects of low mercury vapor exposure in chloralkali workers. NeuroToxicology 22: 249-228.
Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Cox C, et al., 1995. Longitudinal neurodevelopmental study study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from maternal fish ingestion: outcomes at 19 and 29 months. Neurotoxicology 16: 677-688.
Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Cox C, et al., 1998. Effects of prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption on neurodevelopment: outcomes at 66 months of age in the Seychelles Child Development Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 280: 701-707.
Davis LE, Kornfeld M, Moodey HS, et al., 1994. Methylmercury poisoning: long-term clinical, radiological, toxicological, and pathological studies of an affected family. Annals of Neurology 35: 680-688.
Debray P, Besson-Leaud M, Lavaud J, et al., 1979. Intoxication aigue par le mercure chez l’enfant : a propos de quatre observations ﹝Acute mercury poisoning in children: 4 cased﹞. Annals of Pediatrics 26: 531-537.
Diaz D, Krejsa CM, Kavanagh TJ, 2001. Localization of glutamate-cysteine ligase mRNA and protein in mouse kidney and induction with methylmercury. Toxicology Letters 123: 33-41.
Dolbec J, Mergler D, Sousa Passos C-J, et al., 2000. Methylmercury exposure affects motor performance of a riverine population of the Tapajós river, Brazilian Amazon. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 73: 195-203.
Dukerschein JT, Rada RG, and Steingraeber MT, 1992. Cadmium and mercury in emergent mayflies (Hexagenia bilineata) from the upper Mississippi River. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23: 109-116.
Eganhouse RP, and Young DR, 1978. Total and organic mercury in benthic organisms near a major submarine wastewater outfall system. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19: 758-766.
El-Awady AA, Miller RB, Carter Mj, 1976. Automated method for the determination of total and inorganic mercury in water and waste water sample. Analytical Chemistry 48: 110-117.
Eldefrawi ME, Mansour N, and Eldefrawi A, 1977. Interactions of acetylcholine receptors with organic mercury compounds: membrane toxicity. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Rochester International Conference on Environmental Toxicity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 84: 449-463.
Engleson G, and Herner T, 1952. Alkyl mercury poisoning. Acta Paediatrica Scandavica 41: 289-294.
Evans HL, Garman R, and Weiss B, 1977. Methylmercury exposure duration and regional distribution as determinants of neurotoxicity in nonhuman primates. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 41: 15-33.
Fehling C, Abdulla M, Brun A, et al., 1975. Methylmercury poisoning in the rat: a combined neurological, chemical, and histopathological study. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 33: 27-37.
Ferroni C, Selis L, Mutti A, et al., 1992. Neurobehavioral and neuroendocrine effects of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene. Neurotoxicology 13: 243–248.
Filho SR, and Maddock JEL, 1997. Mercury pollution in two gold mining areas of the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 58: 231-240.
Fitzhugh OG, Nelson AA, Laug EP, et al., 1950. Chronic oral toxicities of mercuric-phenyl and mercuric salts. Archive of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine 2: 433-442.
Fowler BA, 1972. Ultrastructural evidence for neuropathy induced by long-term exposure to small amounts of methylmercury. Science 175: 780-781.
Fowler SW, Heyraud M, and La Rosa J, 1978. Factors affecting methyl and inorganic mercury dynamic in mussels and shrimp. Marine Biology 46: 267-276.
Franchi EG, Loprieno M, Ballardin L, et al., 1994. Cytogenetic monitoring of fishermen with environmental mercury exposure. Mutation Research 320: 23-29.
Furutani A, and Rudd JWM, 1980. Measurement of mercury methylation in lake water and sediment samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 40: 770-776.
Futatsuka M, Kitano T, Nagano M, et al., 1992. An epidemiological study with risk analysis of liver diseases in the general population living in a methylmercury polluted area. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 46: 205-207.
Fuyuta M, Fujimoto T, and Hirata S, 1978. Embryotoxic effects of methylmercuric chloride administration to mice and rats during organogenesis. Teratology 18: 353-366.
Gentile JH, Gentile SM, Hoffman G, et al., 1983. The effects of a chronic mercury exposure on survival, reproduction and population dynamics of Mysidopsis bahia. Environ. Toxicology and Chemistry 2: 61-68.
Ghosh AK, Sen S, Sharma A, et al., 1991. Effect of chlorophyllin on mercuric chloride-induced clastogenicity in mice. Food Chemical Toxicology 29: 777-779.
Gill GA, and Fitzgerald WF, 1987. Picomolar mercury measurements in seawater and other materials using stannous chloride reduction and two-stage gold amalgamation with gas phase detection. Marine Chemistry 20: 227-243.
Gill GA, and Bruland KW, 1990. Mercury speciation in surface freshwater systems in California and other areas. Environmental Science and Technology 24: 1392-1400.
Gilmour CC, and Henry EA, 1991. Mercury methylation in aquatic systems affected by acid deposition. Environmental Pollution 71(2-4): 131-169.
Goyer RA, 1993. Toxic effects of metals. In Amdur, M.O., Doull, J. and Klaassen, C.D., editors, Casarett and Doull’s toxicology – the basic science of poisons, fourth edition. New York: Pergamon Press.
Grandjean P, Weihe P, White RF, et al., 1997. Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 19: 417-428.
Grandjean P, Weihe P, White RW, et al., 1998. Cognitive performance of children prenatally exposed to ‘safe’ levels of methylmercury. Environment Research 77: 165-172.
Grandjean P, White RF, Nielsen A, et al., 1999. Methylmercury neurotoxicity in Amazonian children downstream form gold mining. Environmental Health Perspectives 107: 587-591.
Greib TM, Driscoll CT, Gloss SP, et al., 1990. Factors affecting mercury accumulation in fish in theupper Michigan peninsula. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9: 919-930.
Grupo de Estudos e Defesa dos Ecossistemas do Baixo e Médio Amazonas（GEDEBAM）, 1992. “Mercury Contamination in the Brazilian Amazon”. Report for the Commission of the European Communities, Contract ref B946/89. A cooperative research study by Gedebam and SOL 3 - Switzerland and Luxembourg. Monte Alegre, Para, Brazil, 104 p.
Hanna CP, Tyson JF, 1993. Determination of total mercury in water and urine by flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry procedures involving on- and off-line of organomercury species. Analytical Chemistry 65: 653-656.
Harada Y, 1968. Congenital(or fetal) Minamata disease. In: Katsanuma M, ed, Minamata Disease. Japan: Study Group of Minamata Disease, Kunamoto University, 93-117.
Heisinger FJ, and Green W, 1975. Mercuric chloride uptake by eggs of the rice fish and resulting teratogenic effects. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14: 665-673.
Helena AK, Olaf M, Hirokatsu A, et al., 1998. Methylemrcury in fish and hair samples from the Balbina reservoir, Brazilian Amazon. Environmental Research, section A 77: 84-90.
Hirano M, Mitsumori K, Maita K, et al., 1986. Further carcinogenicity study on methylmercury chloride in ICR mice. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 48: 127-135.
Hirokatsu A, Male O, Kinjo Y, et al., 1995. Methylmercury pollution in the Amazon, Brazil. The Science of the Total Environment 175: 85-95.
Huckabee J, Elwood J, and Hildebrand S, 1979. Accumulation of mercury in freshwater biota. In: Nriagu（ed.） The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment. pp 277-302. New York: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press 1979.
Hunter D, Bomford RR, and Russel DS, 1940. Poisoning by methylmercury compounds. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 9: 193-213.
Hurley JP, Krabbenhoft DP, Cleckner LB, et al., 1998. System controls on the aqueous distribution of mercury in the northern Florida Everglades. Biogeochemistry 40: 293-311.
Ilback NG, 1991. Effects of methylmercury exposure on spleen and blood natural-killer（NK） cell-activity in the mouse. Toxicology 67: 117-124.
Ilback NG, Sundberg J, and Oskarsson A, 1991. Methylmercury exposure via placenta and milk impairs natural killer（NK） cell function in newborn rats. Toxicology Letters 58: 149-158.
Inouye M, and Murakami U, 1975. Teratogenic effect of orally administered methylmercuric chloride in rats and mice. Congenital Anomalies 15: 1-9.
International Programme on Chemical Safety（IPCS）, 1990. Methylmercury. Environmental Health Criteria 101. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Ishimure, and Michiko. 1990. Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow. English translation by Livet Monnet. Yamaguchi Publishing House (c/o Japan Publications Trading Co., Ltd., Tokyo).
Jackson TA, 1988. Accumulation of mercury by plankton and benthic invertebrates in riverine lakes of northern Manitoba (Canada): Importance of regionally and seasonally varying environmental factors. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 1744-1757.
Jackson TA, 1989. The influence of clay minerals, oxides, and humic matter on the methylation and demethylation of mercury by micro-organisms in freshwater environments. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3: 1-30.
Jacobs JM, Carmichael N, and Cavanagh JB, 1977. Ultrastructural changes in the nervous system of rabbits poisoned with methylmercury. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 39: 249-261.
Jalili HA, and Abbasi AH, 1961. Poisoning by ethylmercury toluene sulphonanilide. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 18: 303-308.
James JR, 2000. Mercury and methylmercury concentration in sediment cores and surface water from Medicine Lake, California. Bathymetric, geophysical and geologic sample data from Medicine Lake, Siskiyou County, Northern California. U.s. Geological Survey, Open-File Report OF 00-043.
Jean L, Donna M, Fernando B, et al., 1998. Neurotoxic effects of low-level methylmercury contamination in the Amazon basin. Environment Research. Section A 79: 23-32.
John HT, Rober PT, Michelle LM, et al., 2002. Concentrations of total mercury and methyl mercury in sediment adjacent to offshore drilling sites in the gulf of Mexico. Final Report to the Synthetic Based Muds（SBM） Research Group.
Julshamn K, Ringdal O, and Braekkan OR, 1982. Mercury concentration in liver and muscle of Cod（Gadus morhua） as an evidence of migration between waters with different levels of mercury. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29: 544-549.
Kannan K, Smith RG Jr, Lee RF, et al., 1998. Distribution of total and methyl mercury in water, sediment and fish from south Florida estuaries. Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah Georgia 31411, USA.
Kelly CA, Rudd JWM, St. Louis VL, et al., 1995. Is total mercury concentration a good predictor of methyl mercury concentration in aquatic systems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80: 715-724.
Khera KS, Iversin F, Hierlihy L, et al., 1974. Toxicity of methylmercury in neonatal cats. Teratology 10: 69-76.
Kihlstrom JE, and Hulth L, 1972. The effect of phenyl mercuric acetate upon the frequency of hatching in the zebra fish. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 7: 111.
Kobayashi N, 1984. Marine ecotoxicological testing with echinoderms. In: G. Persoone, E. Jaspers, and C. Claus (Eds.), Ecotoxicological Testing for the marine Environment. Bredene, Belgium: State University Ghent and Institute Mar. Scient. Res. pp. 341-381.
Krabbenhoft DP, Wiener JG, Brumbaugh WG, et al., 1999. A national pilot study of mercury contamination of aquatic ecosystems along multiple gradients. Pages 147-160 in D. W. Morganwalp and H. T. Buxton, editors. U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program - Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina.
Kuasik NP, Sine HE, Volosin MT, 1972. Rapid analysis for total mercury in urine and plasma by flameless atomic absorption analysis. Clinical Chemistry 18: 1326-1328.
Kutsuna M, editor. 1968. Minamata disease: study group of Minamata disease. Kumamotu University, Japan, 1-4.
Langston WJ, 1982. The distribution of mercury in British estuarine sediments and its availability to deposit-feeding bivalves. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 62: 667-684.
Langston WJ, 1986. Metals in sediments and benthic organisms in the Mersey Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 23: 239-261.
Lasorsa B, and Allen-Gil S, 1995. The methyl mercury to total mercury ratio in selected marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80: 905-913.
Lechler PJ, Miller JR, Lacerda LD, et al., 2000. Elevated mercury concentrations in soils, sediments, water, and fish of the Madeira River basin, Brazilian Amazon: a function of natural enrichments? The Science of the Total Environment 260: 87-96.
Lee YH, and Hultberg H, 1990. Methyl mercury in some Swedish surface waters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9: 833-841.
Leyshon K, and Morgan AJ, 1991. An integrated study of the morphological and gross-elemental consequences of methylmercury intoxication in rats, with par ticular at tention on the cerebellum. Scanning Microscopy 5: 895-904.
Lindqvist O, 1991. Mercury in the Swedish environment - Recent research on causes, consequences and corrective measures. Water Air Soil Pollution 55: 1-261.
Lindqvist O, ed. 1991. Mercury in the Swedish environment: Recent research on causes, consequences and corrective methods. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 55(1-2): Special Issue. 261pp.
Liu CK, Lai CL, Tai CT, et al., 1998. Incidence and subtypes of dementia in southern Taiwan: Impact of socio-demographic factors. Neurology 50: 1572-1579.
Liu HC, Teng EL, Guo NW, et al., 1994. Performance on a dementia screen test in relation to demographic variables: A study of 5,297 community residents in Taiwan. Archives of Neurology 51: 910-915.
Long ER, and MacDonald DD, 1992. National Status and Trends Program Approach. In: Sediment Classification Methods Compendium. EPA 823-R-92-006. EPA Office of Water（WH-556）. Washington, DC.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Lucchini R, Calza S, Camerino D, et al., 2003. Application of a latent variable model for a multicenter study on early effects due to mercury exposure. Neurotoxicology 24: 605–616.
Lundgren KD, and Swensson A, 1949. Occupational poisoning by alkyl mercury compounds. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 45: 2017-2024.
Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, et al., 2002. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. New England Journal of Medicine 347: 1477-1482.
Magos L, and Bulter WH, 1972. Cumulative effects of methylmercury dicyandiamide given orally to rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 10: 513-517.
Magos L, Brown AW, Sparrow S, et al., 1983. The comparative toxicology of ethyl- and methylmercury. Archives of Toxicology 57: 260-267.
Magos L, Brown AW, Sparrow S, et al., 1985. The comparative toxicology of ethyl and methylmercury. Archives of Toxicology 57: 260-267.
Magos L, Peristianis GC, Clarkson TW, et al., 1980. The effect of lactation on methylmercury intoxication. Archives of Toxicology 45: 143-148.
Malm O, Guimarães JRD, Castro MB, et al., 1997. Follow-up of mercury in fish, human hair and urine in Madeira and Tapajós basins, Amazon, Brazil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 97: 45-51.
Manzo L, Artigas F, Martinez E, et al., 1996. Biochemical markers of neurotoxicity. A review of mechanistic studies and applications. Humand and Experimental Toxicology 15(Suppl. 1): S20–35.
Mason RP, Reinfelder JR, and Morel FMM. 1995: Bioaccumulation of mercury and methyl mercury. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80: 915-921.
Matida Y, Kumada H, Kimura S, et al., 1971. Toxicity of mercury compounds to aquatic organisms and accumulation of the compounds by the organisms. Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. (Tokyo) 21: 197-227.
McKenney CL Jr., and Costlow JD Jr., 1981. The effects of salinity and mercury on developing megalopae and early crab stages of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. In. F. J. Vernberg, A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurberg, and W. B. Vernberg (Eds.), Biological Monitoring of Marine Pollutants. pp. 241-262. New York: Academic Press.
McKeown-Eyssen GE, Ruedy J, and Neims A, 1983. Methylmercury exposure in northern Quebec: II. Neurologic findings in children. American Journal of Epidemiology 118: 470-479.
McKim JM, Olson GF, Holcombe GW, et al., 1976. Long-term effects of methylmercuric chloride on three generations of brook trout（Salvelinus fontinalis）: Toxicity, accumulation, distribution, and elimination. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33: 2726-2739.
Meili M, 1991. “Mercury in Boreal Lake Ecosystems”. Ph.D. Thesis. Acta Universitatis Upsalienses, Uppsalla University, Sweden.
Michael G, 2003. Case of mercury exposure, bioavailability, and absorption. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56: 174-179.
Midhat H, and Heinz GS, 1996. Long-term lake water quality predictors. Water Research 30: 2835-2852.
Miller CT, Zawidska Z, Nagy E, et al., 1979. Indicators of genetic toxicity in leukocytes and granulocytic precursors after chronic methylmercury ingestion by cats. Bulletin of Environmental Contaminated Toxicology 21: 296-303.
Miller DM, 1993. Urinary porphyrins as biological indicators of oxidative stress in the kidney. Interaction of mercury and cephaloridine. Biochemical Pharmacology 46: 2235-2241.
Miller DM, and Woods JS, 1993. Redox activities of of mercury-thiol complexes: implications for mercury-induced porphyria and toxicity. Chemico-Biolical Interactions 88: 23-35.
Mitsumori K, Hirano M, Ueda H, et al., 1990. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of methylmercury chloride in B6C3F1 mice. Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology 14: 179-190.
Miyakawa T, Murayama E, Sumiyoshi S, et al., 1976. Late changes in human sural nerves in Minamata disease and in nerves of rats with experimental organic mercury poisoning. Acta Neuropathology（Berlin）35: 131-138.
Miyakawa T, Sumiyoshi S, and Deshimaru M, 1974. Late changes in sciatic nerve of rats after a small dose of methyl mercury sulfide. Acta Neuropathology (Berlin) 30: 33-41.
Moszczynski P, Slowinski S, Rutkowski J, et al., 1995. Lymphocytes, T and NK cells, in men occupationally exposed to mercury vapours. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 8: 49-56.
Mutti A, Bergamaschi E, Alinovi R, et al., 1996. Serum prolactin in subjects occupationally exposed to manganese. Annals of Clinical Laboratory Science 26(1): 10–17.
Nagi NA, and Yassin AK, 1974. Organic mercury poisoning in children. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77: 128-132.
Nakamura K, Fujisaki T, and Tamashiro H, 1986. Characteristics of Hg-resistant bacteria isolated from Minamata Bay sediment. Environmental Research 40(1): 58-67.
Nancy F, Udasin I, Gochfeld M, et al., 1999. Neuropsychological and stress evaluation of a residential mercury exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 107: 343-347.
Nascimento L, Filho GL, and Rocha AD, 1990. Intoxicacao letal por mercurio atraves da ingestao de ‘merthiolate’. Revista do Hospital das Clinicas 45: 216-218.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration（NOAA）, 1996. Contaminants in aquatic habitats at hazardous waste sites: Mercury. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 100, December 1996, Seattle, Washington.
National Research Council（NRC）, 2000. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
New Jersey Mercury Task Force, 2001. Mercury in New Jersey. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ.
Nierenberg DW, Nordgren RE, Chang MB, et al., 1998. Delayed cerebellar disease and death after accidental exposure to dimethylmercury. New England Journal of Medicine 338: 1672-1676.
Niimi AJ, and Kissoon GP, 1994. Evaluation of the critical body burden concept based on inorganic and organic mercury toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26: 169-178.
Nishimura H, and Kumagai M, 1983. Mercury pollution of fishes in Minamata Bay and surrounding water: analysis of pathway of mercury. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 20: 401-411.
Nixon DE, Mussmann GV, Moyer TP, 1996. Inorganic, organic, and total mercury in blood and urine: cold vapor analysis with automated flow injection sample delivery. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 20: 17-22.
O’Carroll RE, Masterson G, Dougall N, et al., 1995. The neuropsychiatric sequelae of mercury poisoning: the mad hatter’s diease revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry 167: 95-98.
Olson BH, and Cooper RC, 1976. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic methylation of mercuric chloride by San Francisco Bay sediments. Water Research 10: 113-116.
Pam FL, Hasselgren G, Jacobs D, et al., 2003. Mercury derived from dental amalgams and neuropsychologic function. Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 719-723.
Pavel U, Fabriziomaria G, Jana N, et al., 2003. Color discrimination impairment in workers exposed to mercury vapor. NeuroToxicology 24: 711-716.
Pentreath RJ, 1976a. The accumulation of organic mercury from sea water by the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 24: 121-132.
Pentreath RJ, 1976b: The accumulation of inorganic mercury from sea water by the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 24: 103-119.
Petruccioli L, and Turillazzi PG, 1991. Effect of methylmercury on acetylcholinesterase and serum cholinesterase activity in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Bulletins of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 46: 769-773.
Pfab R, Muckter H, Roider F, et al., 1996. Clinical course of severe poisoning with thimerosal. Clinical Toxicology 34: 453-460.
Pingree SD, Simmonds PL, Rummel KT, et al., 2001. Quantitative evaluation of urinary porphyrins as a measure of kidney mercury content and mercury body burden during prolonged methylmercury .Toxicological Sciences 61: 234-240.
Plinio C, Costantino F, Rossella A, et al., 2003. Sub-clinical neurobehavioral abnormalities associated with low level of mercury exposure through fish consumption. NeuroToxicology 24: 617-623.
Popescu HI, Negru L, and Lancranfan I, 1979. Chromosome aberrations induced by occupational exposure to mercury. Archives of Environmental Health 34: 461-463.
Porvari P, 1995. Mercury levels of fish in Tucuruí hydroelectric reservoir and in river Mojú in Amazonia, in the state of Pará, Brazil. The Science of Total Environment 175(2): 109-117.
Public Technology Institue (PTI), 1988. Briefing report to the EPA Science Advisory Board: The Apparent Effects Threshold approach. Seattle: Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Office of Puget Sound. 57pp.
Queiroz ML, Bincoletto C, Quadros MR, et al., 1999. Presence of micronuclei in lymphocytes of mercury exposed workers. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 21: 141-150.
Queiroz ML, Dantas DC, 1997. B lymphocytes in mercury-exposed workers. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 19: 499-510.
Rada RG, Findley JE, and Wiener JG, 1989. Environmental fate of mercury discharged into the upper Wisconsin River. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 29: 57-76.
Regnell O, Ewald G, and Lord E, 1997. Factors controlling temporal variation in methyl mercury levels in sediment and water in a seasonally stratified lake. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 1784-1795.
Rice DC, 1989. Delayed neurotoxicity in monkeys exposed developmentally to methylmercury. Neurotoxicology 10: 645-650.
Rice DC, and Gilbert SG, 1982. Early chronic low-level methylmercury poisoning in monkeys impairs spatial vision. Science 216: 759-761.
Rice DC, and Gilbert SG, 1992. Exposure to methyl mercury from birth to adulthood impairs high-frequency hearing in monkeys. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 115: 6-10.
Rice DC, and Hayward S, 1999. Comparison of visual function at adulthood and during aging in monkeys exposed to lead or methylmercury. Neurotoxicology 20: 767-784.
Riisgård HU, and Famme P, 1986. Accumulation of inorganic and organic mercury in shrimp, Crangon crangon. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17: 255-257.
Riisgård HU, and Famme P, 1988. Distribution and mobility of organic and inorganic mercury in flounder, Platichthys flesus, from a chronically polluted area. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 16: 219-228.
Riisgård HU, and Hansen S, 1990. Biomagnification of mercury in a marine grazing food-chain: algal cells Phaeodactylum tricornutum, mussels Mytilus edulis and flounders Platichthys flesus studied by means of a stepwise-reduction-CVAA method. Marine Ecology Pregress Series 62: 259-270.
Roberto L, Albini E, Cortesi I, et al., 2000. Assessment of neurobehavioral performance as a function of current and cumulative lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 21(5): 805–812.
Rodgers DW, and Beamish FWH, 1982. Dynamics of dietary methylmercury in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Aquatic Toxicology 2: 271-290.
Rohyans J, Walson P.D., Wood GA, et al, 1984. Mercury toxicity following merthiolate ear irrigations. Journal of Pediatrics 104: 311-313.
Rossmann R, 1999. Horizontal and vertical distributions of mercury in 1983 Lake Superior sediments with estimates of storage and mass flux. Journal of Great Lakes Research 25(4): 683-696.
Rossmann R, and Edgington DN, 2000. Mercury in 1987-1990 Green Bay, Lake Michigan surficial sediments. Journal of Great Lakes Research 26(3): 323-339.
Rudd JWM, Turner MA, Furutani A, et al., 1983. The English-Wabigoon River system: 1. A synthesis of recent research with a view towards mercury amelioration. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40: 2206-2217.
Sadiq M, 1992. Toxic metal chemistry in marine environments. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.
Sager PR, Doherty RA, and Rodier PM, 1982. Effects of methylmercury on developing mouse cerebellar cortex. Experimental Neurology 77: 179-183.
Saouter E, Hare L, Campbell PGC, et al., 1993. Mercury accumulation in the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera) exposed to CH3HgCl or HgCl2 in water and sediment. Water Research 27(6): 1041-1048.
Saouter E, Ribeyre F, Boudou A, et al., 1991. Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera) as a biological model in aquatic ecotoxicology: experimental studies on mercury transfers from sediment. Environmental Pollution 69: 51-67.
Scherer E, Armstrong FAJ, and Nowak SH, 1975. Effects of mercury contaminated diet upon walleyes Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchell). Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. No. 597. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Fisheries Marine Service. 21 pp.
Schionning JD, and Danscher G, 1999. Autometallographic mercury correlates with degenerative changes in dorsal root ganglia of rats intoxicated with organic mercury. APMIS 107: 303-310.
Schmidt H, and Harzmann R, 1970. Humanpathologische und Tierexperimentalle Beobachtungen nach Intoxikation mit einer organischen Quecksilberverbindung. (`Fureriol’). International Archives Arbeitsmed 26: 71-83 (as cited in Magos, 2001).
Sharma RL, Aldous CN, and Farr, CH, 1982. Methylmercury induced alterations in brain amine synthesis in rats. Toxicology Letters 13: 195-201.
Sharp JR, and Neff JM, 1980. Effects of the duration of exposure to mercuric chloride on the embryogenesis of the estuarine teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus, Marine Environmental Research 3: 195-213.
Skerfving S, and Vostel J, 1972. Symptoms and signs of intoxication. In Friberg, L. and Vostal, J., editors, Mercury in the environment. Cleveland, OH: CRC Press, 3-107.
Skerfving S, Hansson K, and Lindsten J, 1970. Chromosome breakage in bumans exposed to methylmercury through fish consumption. Archives of Environmental Health 21: 133-139.
Skerfving S, Hansson K, Mangs C, Lindsten J, and Ryman N, 1974. Methylmercury-induced chromosome damage in man. Environmental Research 7: 83-98.
Snarski VM, and Olson GF, 1982. Chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of mercuric chloride in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Aquatic Toxicology 2: 143-156.
Solecki R, Hothorn L, Holzweissig M, et al., 1991. Computerized analysis of pathological findings in long-term trials with phenylmercuric acetate in rats. Archives of Toxicology （Suppl. 14）: 100-103.
Sorensen JA, Glass GE, Schmidt KW, et al., 1990. Airborne mercury deposition and watershed characteristics in relation to mercury concentrations in water, sediments, plankton, and fish of eighty northern Minnesota lakes. Environmental Science Technology 24: 1716-1727.
Spry DJ, and Wiener JG, 1991. Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes: A critical review. Environmental Pollution 71: 243-304.
Stober QJ, Jones RD, and Scheidt DJ, 1995. Ultra trace level mercury in the everglades ecosystem, a multi-media canal pilot study. Water Air Soil Pollution 80: 991-1001.
Stromgren T, 1982. Effect of heavy metals (Zn, Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni) on the length growth of Mytilus edulis. Marine Biology 72: 69-72.
Suneja T, and Belsito DV, 2001. Thimerosal in the detection of clinically relevant allergic contact react ions. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 45: 27.
Tamashiro H, Agaki H, Arakaki M, et al., 1984. Causes of death in Minamata disease: analysis of death certificates. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 54: 135-146.
Taylor W, Guirgis HA, and Stewart WK, 1969. Investigation of a population exposed to organomercurial seed dressing. Archives of Environmental Health 19: 505-509.
Thain JE, 1984. Effects of mercury on the prosobranch mollusc Crepidula fornicata: Acute lethal toxicity and effects on growth and reproduction of chronic exposure. Marine Environmental Research 12: 285-309.
Thomas RL, 1974. The distribution and transport of mercury in the sediments of the Laurentian Great Lakes system. Proceedings of the International Conference on Transport of Persistent Chemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems: pp. I-1 - I-16.
Thomas W, and Clarkson, 2002. The three modern faces of mercury. Environmental Health Perspectives 110: 11-23.
Torres JLC, and De Corres F, 1985. Anaphylactic hypersensitivity to mercurochrome (merbrominum). Annals of Allergy 54: 230-232.
Torresani C, Caprari E, and Manara GC, 1993. Contact urticaria syndrome due to phenyl mercuric acetate. Contact Dermatitis 29: 282-283.
Tremblay A, Lucotte M, and Rowan D, 1995. Different factors related to mercury concentration in sediments and zooplankton of 73 Canadian lakes. Water Air Soil Pollution 80: 961-970.
Tsubaki T, and Takahashi H, 1986. Recent advances in Minamata disease studies. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha, Ltd.
Tsuzuki Y, 1981. Effect of chronic methylmercury exposure on activities of neurotransmitter enzymes in rat cerebellum. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 60: 379-381.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）, 1985. Ambient water quality criteria for mercury – 1984. U.S. EPA 440/5-84-026. Washington DC: Office of Water.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）, 1997. Mercury report to Congress. Washington DC, US.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）, 1998. Method 7473. Mercury in solids and solutions by thermal decomposition, amalgamation, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Washington DC, US.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）, 2000. Gulf of Mexico program. 1999-2000 shareholder report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）, 2004. Results of Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study: Mercury Data Report. US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office. 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）, Method 3051, Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediment, sludges, soils, and oils. Washington DC, US.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）, Method 7474, Mercury in sediment and tissue samples by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Washington DC, US.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）. 1997: Mercury Study Report to Congress. Washington DC, US.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）. 2002: Method 1631, Revision E. Mercury in water by oxidation, purge and trap, and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry. Washington DC, US.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration（FDA）, 2001. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Office of seafood.
Vassilis ZA, and Soultana KG, 2003. Simulation of water temperature and dissolved oxygen distribution in Lake Vegoritis, Greece. Ecological Modelling 160: 39-53.
Verschaeve L, Kirsch-Volders M, Susanne C, et al., 1976. Genetic damage induced by occupational low mercury exposure. Environmental Research 12: 306-316.
Verschuuren HG, Kroes R, Den Tonkelaar EM, et al., 1976. Toxicity of methylmercury chloride in rats. III. Long-term toxicity study. Toxicology 6: 107-123.
Wasserman JC, Amouroux D, Wasserman MA, et al., 2002. Mercury speciation in sediments of a tropical coastal environment. Environmental Technology 23（8）: 899-910.
Weis JS, and Weis P, 1977. Effects of heavy metals on development of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Journal of Fish Biology 11: 49-54.
Weis P, and Weis JS, 1978. Methyl mercury inhibition of fin renereration in fishes and its interaction with salinity and cadmium. Estuarine Coastal Marine Science 6: 327-334.
Wesley AH, Kenneth C, and Mark S, 2001. Methyl and Total Mercury Spatial and Temporal Trends in Surficial Sediments of the San Francisco Bay-Delta. Assessment of Ecological and Human Health Impacts of Mercury in the Bay-Delta Watershed. CALFED Bay-Delta Mercury Project Final Report
Wheatley B, and Paradis S, 1996. Balancing human exposure, risk and reality: questions raised by the Canadian aboriginal methylmercury program. Neurotoxicology 17(1): 241-249.
Wheatley B, and Wheatley MA, 2000. Methylmercury and the health of indigenous peoples: a risk management challenge for physical and social sciences and for public health policy. Science of the Total Environment 259(1-3): 23-29.
Wheatley B, Barbeau A, Clarkson TW, et al., 1979. Methylmercury poisoning in Canadian Indians--the elusive diagnosis. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 6(4): 417-422.
Willes RF, Truelove JF, and Nera EL, 1978. Neurotoxic response of infant monkeys to methylmercury. Toxicology 9: 125-135.
Wilson LA, McNatt J, and Reitschel R, 1981. Delayed hypersensitivity to thimerosal in soft contact lens wearers. Ophthalmology 88: 804-809.
Windom HL, and Kendall DR, 1979. Accumulation and biotransformation of mercury in coastal and marine biota. In: J.O. Nriagu（ed.） The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press: pp 277-302.
Winfrey MR, and Rudd JW, 1990. Environmental factors affecting the formation of methyl mercury in low pH lakes. Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry 9: 853-869.
Wobeser G, 1975. Prolonged oral administration of methyl mercury chloride to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32: 2015-2023.
World Health Organization（WHO）, 1989. Mercury — Environmental Aspects. Environmental Health Criteria No. 86. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization（WHO）, 1990. Environmental Health Criteria for Methylmercury, volume 101: 42-58, 76-99. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, International Programme on Chemical Safety（IPCS）.
World Health Organization（WHO）, 2000. Air Quality Guidelines – Second Edition. Chapter 6.9 – Mercury. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Wren CD, and MacCrimmon HR, 1986. Comparative bioaccumulation of mercury in two adjacent freshwater ecosystems. Water Research 20: 763-769.
Wright DR, and Hamilton RD, 1982. Release of methyl mercury from sediments: Effects of mercury concentration, low temperature, and nutrient addition. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39: 1459-1466.
Wulf HC, Kromann N, Kousgaard N, et al., 1986. Sister chromatd exchange（SCE） in Greenlandic Eskimos. Dose-response relationship between SCE and seal diet, smoking, and blood cadmium and mercury concentrations. Science of Total Environment 48: 81-94.
Yasutake A, Adachi T, Suda I, et al., 1991. Effect of Feoverload on the biotransformation of methylmercury in rat. Japanese Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 39: 106-113.
Yip RK, and Chang LW, 1981. Vulnerability of dorsal route neurons and fibers toward methylmercury toxicity: a morphological evaluation. Environmental Research 26: 152-167.
Zalups RK, and Lash LH, 1994. Advances in understanding the renal transport and toxicity of mercury. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 42: 1-44.
Zhang J, 1984. Clinical observations in ethyl mercury chloride poisoning. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 5: 251-258.

行政院環境保護署，河川生態暨水質監測手冊。（網頁資料：http://water2.epa.gov.tw/gis/river/river_3_detail.htm）

行政院環境保護署，2003；”毒性化學物質環境流布調查分析計畫”。

行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所，1994；“魚介類酸性消化總則-微波消化/元素分析”，NIEA C303.01T。

行政院國家科學委員會，1998；”環境中有機金屬快速物種分析--微波魚肉中甲基汞之專題研究計畫”。

行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所，1994；“魚介類酸性消化總則－熱板消化/元素分析”，NIEA C303.02T。

行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所，1998；“沈積物、污泥及油脂中金屬元素總量之檢測方法 －微波消化原子光譜法”，NIEA S331.60B。

行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所，2001；”底泥採樣方法”，NIEA S104.30C。

行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所，2002；”污泥廢棄物中總固體、固定性及揮發性固體含量檢測方法”，NIEA R212.01C。

行政院衛生署國民健康局，2003；”台南市中石化安順廠附近居民流行病學及健康照護研究”。

郭育良等，2002；“職業病概論”，二版，台北市，華杏出版社。

中央研究院近代史研究所檔案館，台灣鹼業公司民國四十五年度工作報告。

中石化/台全公司，1999；台南市安順廠區汞及五氯酚污染調查。

台南市安南區戶政事務所，2003；”台南市安南區居民人口統計資料”。

呂世宗等人，1985；鹼氯工廠環境汞污染之調查研究，工業污染防治報告：第四卷，第二期。

李錦地，1980；毒性污染物使用量及殘餘量調查，台灣省水污染防治所報告。

林志森，1985；鹼氯工廠水銀污染防治，工業污染防治報告。

黃煥彰，2002；失落的記憶-台鹼安順廠（網頁資料：http://eec.kta.org.tw/magazine_html/environment10-1.htm ）