迴路式熱管(Loop Heat Pipe, LHP)是一種利用毛細結構產生之毛細力驅動工作流體循環的被動傳熱裝置。本研究提出考量冷凝管兩相流物理機制的新型迴路式熱管模型，稱為基於兩相流流譜模式之迴路式熱管穩態模型(Two-Phase Flow Pattern based Steady-State Model )。首先，使用系統的守恆方程式之理論模型評估LHP的特性，而在計算LHP內兩相流特性的同時，則採用適當的二相流流譜，其特別考慮了冷凝管中流動狀態。另將本研究提出兩相流流譜模式迴路式熱管模型之模擬結果與文獻實驗結果比較後，在固定熱傳導模式(Fixed Conductance Modes)之平均絕對百分比誤差(Mean Absolute Percentage Error, MAPE)僅2.00 %，方均根誤差(Root-mean-square error, RMSE)為0.6 ºC。此結果顯示透過新提出迴兩相流流譜模式之迴路式熱管穩態模型，因考慮到1 mm至5mm的冷凝管直徑之表面張力對兩相流流動型態之影響，可以更準確地預測LHP的特性。
此外，為驗證新型兩相流流譜模式穩態模型，本研究亦設計不同幾何尺寸之迴路式熱管，並將其實驗結果與模型預測結果比較。結果顯示，實驗和理論模型之間的平均絕對百分比誤差結果，分別為蒸發器溫度：7.44％(RMSE為6.87 ºC)，補償室入口溫度：9.85％(RMSE為3.45 ºC)及補償室溫度：14.57％(RMSE為6.14 ºC)。而在冷凝水出口溫度之RMSE及MAPE則分別為0.75 ºC及2.28%。另外，從實驗結果顯示LHP系統能將近90%的熱能傳到冷凝端，其意味著僅有10%的熱能散失到環境中，而系統總熱阻最小值為0.7 ºC/W，這些實驗結果與本研究提出之模型預測結果皆相近。
另經比較理論模型與LHP內的冷凝器可視化實驗獲得之兩相流流譜形式結果，顯示冷凝管內的主要流譜為密度分離流(Stratified Flow)及波浪介面密度分離流(Stratified Wavy Flow)，除間歇流(Intermittent Flow)未能準確預測外，模型預測與實驗中冷凝管內所觀察的流動狀態相似。另外，經比較模擬結果與可視化實驗所觀察的冷凝器兩相流之長度，顯示實際長度較模擬預測之長度約短1至9公分。
此外，本研究亦以實驗方式探討LHP內導管長度影響。從不同長度導管的LHP實驗結果，若導管長度不夠長， LHP系統會產生蒸發器溫度驟升和操作失敗的問題。其原因是由於導管長度不同，LHP內工作流體回流到補償室的位置也不一樣。如果將導管長度深入至LHP毛細蕊內部，過冷的工作流體可以直接到達毛細芯，提供蒸發器所需工作流體及冷凝毛細蕊中因熱洩漏所產生的氣泡。由於導管具有排出並冷凝毛細蕊內部的蒸汽氣泡之特點， 因此，深入至LHP毛細蕊內部之導管長度的LHP具有最佳之熱性能及良好的可靠度。
本研究考慮兩相流流譜之特性，提出了一個新型之迴路式熱管穩態模型，並透過實驗與模擬分析之方式，驗證基於兩相流流譜之迴路式熱管穩態模型之準確性，可提供在迴路式熱管設計及性能探討之參考。

Loop heat pipes (LHPs) are passive heat transport devices using capillary structures to circulate the working fluid. In this study, a new proposed model of LHP considered the two-phase physical mechanisms in the condenser was developed, named two-phase flow pattern based steady-state model. Firstly, several theoretical models based on conservation equations in the system are used to evaluate the characteristics of LHPs. In addition, while computing the characteristics of two-phase flow within LHP, the progression of the flow regimes in the condensing tube is specially considered by adopting proper two-phase flow pattern map. The comparison between the previous experimental and theoretical results of new proposed model achieves the smallest mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.00 % and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.6 ºC in the fixed conductance mode among all existing models. It has been shown that the characteristics of LHP can be better predicted by using current new proposed model with the consideration of the surface-tension influence on two-phase flow pattern map within condensation tube diameter ranging from 1 mm to 5 mm.
In addition, in order to verify two-phase flow pattern based model of LHP, the prediction results are compared with the experimental results of different geometry dimension of LHP designed in this study. The results show that MAPE between experiments and theoretical modeling equals 7.44 % in the evaporator temperature (RMSE=6.87 ºC), 9.85 % in the temperature of the inlet temperature of the compensation chamber (RMSE=3.45 ºC), and 14.57 % in the compensation chamber temperature (RMSE=6.14 ºC). And the RMSE and MAPE of the outlet temperature of cooling water are only 0.75 ºC and 2.28 %, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal performance of LHP from the experiment show system efficiency can transfer almost 90 % of heat load to condenser, which means only 10 % of heat load leaks to ambient, and minimum total resistance of the LHP was also obtained, 0.7 ºC/W. These experimental results are similar to the predictions by present model.
Moreover, the flow regimes obtained from the theoretical model are also compared with flow visualization experiments within LHP in this study. The flow maps by the current model predicts the stratified wavy flow and stratified flow are the major flow patterns in the condenser of present LHP, and are similar to the observed flow regime results in the condensing channel except for the absence prediction of intermittent flow. Also, the length of the two phase regions in the condenser observed in the experiment are also compared with the results from the modeling. The results present that the experimental values have about 1 to 9 cm shorter length in comparison with the analytical results.
Also, the bayonet length effects of the LHP are also discussed by experimentally. From the results of LHPs with different length of bayonet, the problems of evaporator temperature steep rising and failure operation of LHP are discovered if the length of bayonet is not long enough. Owing to the different length of bayonet, the working fluid flows back to the compensation chamber in different locations. Cold working fluids can directly reach the wick core for offering the working fluid of evaporator and condensing bubbles generated in the wick core if the length of bayonet is inserted into the wick core of LHP. It is obviously that due to the feature of bayonet, vent and condense the vapor bubbles inside the wick core, the LHP with the bayonet, which inserted into the wick core of LHP, has best thermal performance and more reliable than others.
In this study, with considering the characteristics of the two-phase flow regimes, a new steady-state model of loop heat pipe is proposed. The accuracy of the loop heat pipe steady-state model based on the two-phase flow patterns is verified by using experimental studies. Through the new proposed analytical modeling, the characteristics of LHP system can be better understood on the design of LHP.

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