氧化釔穩定的四方氧化鋯多晶（Y-TZP）陶瓷具有卓越的機械強度、化學穩定性和光學性，被廣泛應用於固定義齒膺復。然而氧化鋯的化學穩定性、抗酸蝕能力以及惰性的性質，使的臨床醫師只藉由樹脂要將氧化鋯修復物緊密黏附於牙齒上成為一個挑戰。氧化鋁噴砂(AA)技術搭配10-MDP(MDP)基底耦合劑或混入矽烷耦合劑與摩擦化學二氧化矽塗層(TSC)搭配矽烷這兩種方式是目前主流技術。但這兩種方式對樹脂與氧化鋯間的黏附力會隨著老化或熱循環而降低。因此本研究第一部分探討MDP和矽烷的順序應用對樹脂黏附的影響：第二部分探討常壓氧電漿（OP）用於改善樹脂與氧化鋯黏著強度之應用。
第一部分研究，首次使用飛行時間二次離子質譜儀(ToF-SIMS)對MDP和矽烷塗層進行分子結構分析與分子三維空間(3D)影像重建的研究。表面處理分為矽烷和MDP基礎耦合劑，單次或順序應用：無耦合劑(AA)、矽烷耦合劑(S)、MDP基礎耦合劑(M)、矽烷/MDP混合物 (SMm)、矽烷塗佈後加MDP基礎耦合劑(SM) 和MDP基礎耦合劑塗佈後加矽烷耦合劑(MS)。ToF-SIMS分析結果顯示OH基吸附與滲入氧化鋯表層，其中S與MS滲入較深。所有含MDP組均存在不同比例和分佈的PO2−和PO3−。其中M 組的PO3−含量與PO3−/PO2−比值最高。含有高百分比的PO3−可能增加更多P-O-Zr鍵結的形成。噴砂後，在基材表面塗佈上述塗層。塗層的濕潤性藉由水和樹脂黏合劑滴在表面上後量測接觸角。塗層均增加了對水和樹脂黏合劑的濕潤性，濕潤程度受最終塗層成分影響，其中M和SM組表面呈現超親水。處理的表面與樹脂黏合後，放置到水中儲存 24 小時（早期測試）和6000次冷熱循環試驗，通過剪力測試分析樹脂黏合強度。含MDP基底耦合劑的組別均表現較佳的抗熱循環能力，其中M和SM組在熱循環試驗後維持最高的黏著強度。
第二部分研究為開發新的常壓氧電漿(OP)輔助矽化法處理氧化鋯修復體，是TSC、OP和矽烷的系列處理。沒有OP處理與有OP處理的噴砂氧化鋯表面(AA, AA-OP)分別塗佈矽烷耦合劑(AA-S, AA-OP-S)與矽烷混合MDP耦合劑(AA-SMm, AA-OP-SMm)，並和沒有OP處理與有OP處理的TSC表面(TSC, TSC-OP)和塗佈矽烷耦合劑(TSC-S, TSC-OP-S)進行比較。表面形貌以SEM觀察、親水性以水滴角試驗檢測、化學成分使用X射線光電子能譜儀(XPS)分析、樹脂-氧化鋯黏附強度在24小時與6000次熱循環後使用剪力分析，進一步對6000次冷熱循環試驗後的氧化鋯斷面進行截面觀察。OP處理不改變噴砂處理的氧化鋯形貌，其氣流去除了TSC組鬆散的二氧化矽塗層，產生的熱促使表面二氧化矽顆粒轉變成緻密的簇或緊密的矽酸鹽層黏附在氧化鋯表面且呈現超親水狀態。OP在氧化鋯表面殘留的熱使矽烷在二氧化矽顆粒表層形成超薄膜。在XPS分析中，OP處理後的氧化鋯表面氧元素含量提升，碳元素减少，含矽烷組別中產生了顯著的Si2O3峰譜。這些結果表明OP清潔了氧化鋯表面，提高添加矽烷組別中的矽烷醇交聯。AA-OP-S和TSC-OP-S經6000次冷熱循環試驗後，樹脂與氧化鋯的鍵結力量幾乎不受影響。特別是在TSC-OP-S表現出色的黏著強度 (24.2 Mpa)，於氧化鋯裂面端截面觀察到厚的黏著劑緊密殘留黏合在上方。然而在添加MDP的AA-SMm和AA-OP-SMm耐熱循環能力較弱，氧化鋯斷面樣本的橫截面中，黏合劑層顯示出內部缺陷。
在第一部分和第二部分的研究結果中，噴砂(AA)搭配MDP或TSC搭配矽烷的傳統方式可能無法提供穩定的樹脂與氧化鋯鍵結。由TOF-SIMS重建MDP與矽烷混合或順序塗佈界面層的3D離子影像中，觀察到MDP中的PO3−大量貼近在氧化鋯表面，從而有更多機會來生成P-O-Zr共價鍵增強樹脂-氧化鋯鍵結。單獨的MDP耦合劑或塗佈在外層，提供了 P-O-Zr 鍵形成的機會。然而在 MDP 中添加矽烷可能會損害 P-O-Zr 鍵的形成。本研究新的OP輔助矽化法促進來自TSC處理的氧化矽緊密的黏附在氧化鋯表面。OP清潔與活化了氧化鋯，經OP處理後殘留在試片上的熱可以蒸發耦合劑的溶劑，並讓施加上的矽烷與氧化矽塗層生成牢固且穩定以抵抗水解 Si-O-Si 薄膜與Si-O-Si鍵。OP輔助矽化法可能是牙科氧化鋯修復體的有效預黏接處理方式，能夠建立氧化鋯與樹脂間的穩定鍵結。

Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramics have excellent mechanical strength, chemical stability, and good optical properties, so it is widely used in fabrications of dental fixed dentures. Being chemically stable and resistance to acid corrosion, Y-TZP’s inert surface challenges the clinicians to adhere it with resin. At present, the common methods to bond zirconia to resin is surface air abrasion (AA) with alumina particles, and then treated with 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), silane primer, or their mixtures. The second appropriate method is tribochemical silica coating (TSC), then coating with functional primers. However, the bond strength via these two methods may decrease significantly after long-term immersion or the thermocycling test. Therefore, the first part of this study was to explore the effect of coating sequence of silane and MDP primer on the bond strength between resin adhesive and zirconia. The second part discussed the effect of atmospheric pressure oxygen plasma (OP) treatment on improving the resin-zirconia bonding strength.
In the first part of the study, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) in-depth analysis was first introduced to examine the molecular structure and three-dimensional spatial distribution of molecules in the coatings of silane and MDP-base primers, and the effects of silane and MDP-base primers, in their single or sequential applications: without primer (Zr), silane primer (S), MDP-base primer (M), silane-MDP mixture (SMm), silane followed by MDP (SM), and MDP followed by silane (MS). The ToF-SIMS results showed a large number of OH− detected at the zirconia interface in groups S and MS. All MDP-containing groups had different proportions and distributions of PO2− and PO3−. Group M produced the highest content of PO3−, higher PO3−/PO2− ratios. High percentages of PO3−might be associated with the generation of P-O-Zr bonds. After AA, different coatings were applied on the specimen surface. Surface wettability of these coatings was assessed by the contact angle after surface dropped water and resin adhesive. All the primers increased the surface wettability to water and resin. The wettability was affected by the final coating composition. The surfaces of M and SM obtained superhydrophilic surfaces. The resin bond strengths were analyzed by shear bond strength (SBS) tests after storage for 24 h (early testing) and after thermocycling. All groups involving the MDP primer-showed superior SBSs after 24 h, while M and SM retained highest SBSs after thermocycling.
In the second part of the study was to develop a new OP-aided silicatization method, a series of treatments of TSC, OP and silane. This study compared the results of OP without or with application on AA-treated zirconia (AA, AA-OP), then coating silane primer (AA-S, AA-OP-S) and silane-MDP mixture (AA-SMm, AA-OP-SMm), with the results of TSC-treated zirconia without or with OP application (TSC, TSC-OP), then coating silane primer (TSC-S, TSC-OP-S). Surface morphology was observed by SEM, hydrophilicity was detected by the contact angle test, and chemical compositions were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the resin-zirconia bond strengths were examined either after 24 h and 6000 thermocycles. Further, the cross-sectional images of debonded zirconia specimens after 6000 thermocycles were observed. OP treatment exhibited no effect on the surface morphology of AA-treated zirconia. Airflow of OP removes the loose silica coating of the TSC group, and the generated heat promotes the transformation of surface silica particles into dense clusters or tight silicate layers adhered to the surface and obtained a superhydrophilic state. The residual heat of OP on the surface of zirconia made silane to form an ultra-thin film on the surface of silica particles. XPS analysis showed that OP treatment increased the oxygen elements content, decreased carbon elements, and significantly increased the formation of Si2O3 in groups containing silane, which indicated that OP cleans the zirconia surface and enhances the crosslinking of silanol in silane-treated groups. After 6000 thermocycling test, the resin-zirconia bond strength of AA-OP-S and TSC-OP-S were barely affected, especially in TSC-OP-S group which maintained excellent SBSs (24.2 Mpa), and also showed tightly bonded thick adhesive layers at the zirconia surfaces. However, the groups of AA-SMm and AA-OP-SMm containing the MDP-base primer had weak resistance ability on thermocycling. The adhesive layer of debonded side at cross-section of the zirconia showed internal defects.
With the results from the first and second parts of this study, it is concluded that the traditional protocols by either combining air abrasion (AA) with MDP, or TSC combining with silane may attain unstable resin-zirconia bonding. During the process of using ToF-SIMS to reconstruct 3D ion images of silane and MDP-base primers, in their single or sequential applications, amounts of PO3− was detected from zirconia surface, meaning having more opportunities to generate P-O-Zr covalent bonds to enhance resin-zirconia bonding. Applying MDP alone or MDP at the top coating provides the opportunity to form P-O-Zr bonds. However, addition of silane to MDP may impair the formation of P-O-Zr bonds. In this study, the new OP-aided silicatization makes the silica particles on TSC-treated surface tightly adhered to the zirconia surface. The OP was applied to clean and activate the zirconia surface. The heat left on the surface by OP treatment can evaporate the solvent of the coupling agent, and make the applied silane and silica coating form a strong and stable Si-O-Si film and Si-O-Si bond against hydrolysis. OP-aided silicatization may be an effective pre-bonding treatment for dental zirconia restorations to establish a reliable bond with resin cements.

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