平交道事故的發生原因主要來自於道路汽車駕駛人「蓄意的」或「非蓄意的」闖越行為，此駕駛人人因錯誤的改善為提昇平交道安全的重點。然過去以工程技術改善平交道安全的方法多著重在預防非蓄意的闖越行為，對於降低駕駛人蓄意的闖越則未見成效。本研究提出兩個改善平交道安全的人因控制概念：「固定警示時間」設計與「交通量自然屏障」的方法，並建構蘊含人因控制精神的先進平交道控制系統設計，以減少駕駛人蓄意闖越行為的發生。

而本研究計算平交道最適警示時間長度，係考慮平交道特性並整合上述人因控制概念與系統設計，可發揮提昇平交道安全的加乘效果。根據本研究以國內平交道實例研究分析顯示，適度延長警示時間長度以產生交通量自然屏障效果，且應用先進控制技術預測列車到達平交道時間，將警示時間長度的變異減小，可有效降低駕駛人蓄意的闖越傾向，減少平交道事故發生與人命損失。

此外，本研究提出之先進平交道控制系統設計藍圖建構於國內既有的鐵路設施，亦具有技術上的可行性，並獲相關工程技術人員的肯定；初步的成本效益分析也顯示，比較建置成本、延滯成本與減少事故發生的安全效果後，在經濟上具有一定程度之效益。

The human errors of road vehicle drivers at grade crossings, which can be classified into two categories of intended and unintended errors, are the main causes of grade-crossing accidents. It has been broadly considered as an important measure to correct drivers’ errors for reducing the risk at grade crossings. But the previous technologies for improving crossing safety mainly focus on preventing drivers’ unintended behaviors rather than intended errors, which statistically accounted for the major causes of grade-crossing accidents. Thus, the study aims to propose two human intended error prevention concepts that have been proven effective: constant warning time（CWT）and nature protection（NP）,and develop advanced safety control systems of grade crossing to integrate them.

Combining the developed control concepts and systems, the study suggests optimal warning time to attain multiplying effects. The empirical evidences of the studied crossing recommend that the system should appropriately prolong the waning time to have nature protection effects and decrease the variance of waning time by advanced safety control systems. And it can reduce the drivers’ intended overrunning behavior and the grade-crossing accident frequency.

In addition, the study has confirmed the proposed system layout compared with the existing systems on TRA. Technically, the layout design is justified as feasible and practical according to the interviews with electronic and mechanical engineers. A preliminary economic assessment also concluded that the advanced safety control systems bring about economically benefits for the studied crossing after considering the road delay, the system construction and the accident reductions.

一、中文部分
1.台灣省政府交通處，台灣地區鐵路平交道改善規劃(一)～(四)，民國87、88年。
2.台灣鐵路管理局期末報告書，平交道障礙物自動偵測裝置績效評估計畫，民國88年6月。
3.台灣鐵路管理局網站，http://www.railway.gov.tw
4.交通部網站，http://www.motc.gov.tw
5.林大煜，「交通事故與交通違規之社會成本推估」研討會論文彙整及未來研究方向建議，交通事故與交通違規之社會成本推估研討會，民國89年1月。
6.林錦田、莊振昌，平交道改善專案報告，台鐵資料季刊，第302期，頁1-49，民國88年12月。
7.林豐福、張開國、吳熙仁，以科技儀器提昇平交道防護功能之研究，台鐵資料季刊，頁50-63，民國88年12月。
8.侯光義，鐵路平交道肇事分析與安全改善之研究，成功大學交通管理科學研究所碩士論文，民國69年5月。
9.洪軍爝，駕駛行為研究方法及實例研究，台灣大學土木工程學研究所碩士論文，民國75年6月。
10.孫海岸，大貨車運輸安全風險之生命價值與風險降低策略之研究－以高雄港聯外運輸為例，高雄第一科技大學運輸與倉儲營運管理系碩士論文，民國90年7月。
11.陳子儀，從駕駛行為探討易發生事故者之特性，第三屆運輸安全研討會，頁121-130，民國85年11月。
12.楊文熙，時間價值理論與實證之研究，交通大學運輸科技與管理學系碩士論文，民國88年6月。
13.劉正華，駕駛行為之風險評估研究，東海大學統計學研究所碩士論文，民國86年6月。
14.蔡明志、劉致言，台鐵平交道先進安全控制技術之系統設計芻議，新世紀軌道運輸國際學術研討會，民國89年10月。
15.薛立敏，「交通事故與交通違規造成死亡、受傷、財物損失成本之推估」論文彙整，交通事故與交通違規之社會成本推估研討會，民國89年1月。
16.藍武王、張瓊文，交通事故對道路車流延滯影響之解析，交通事故與交通違規之社會成本推估研討會，民國89年1月。

二、英文部分
1.Abraham, J., Datta, T.K., and Datta, S., Driver Behavior at Rail-Highway Crossings, Transportation Research Record 1648, pp.28-34, 1998.
2.Berg, W.D., Knoblauch, K., and Hucke, W., Causal Factors in Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Accidents, Transportation Research Record 847, pp.47-54, 1982.
3.Estes, R.M., and Rilett, L.R., Advanced Prediction of Train Arrival and Crossing Times at Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings, Transportation Research Record 1708, pp.68-76, 2000.
4.Fleck, J.L., and Smith, B.B., Can We Make Red-Light Runners Stop? Red-Light Photo Enforcement in San Francisco, California, Transportation Research Record 1693, pp.46-49, 1999.
5.Heathington, K.W., Richards, S.H., and Fambro, D.B., Guidelines for the Use of Selected Active Traffic Control Devices at Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings, Transportation Research Record 1254, pp.50-59, 1990.
6.ITSA, http://www.itsa.org
7.Pickett, M.W., and Grayson, G.B., Vehicle Driver Behaviour at Level Crossings, HSE Contract Research Report No.98, 1996.
8.Retting, R.A., and. Greene, M.A., Influence of Traffic Signal Timing on Red-Light Running and Potential Vehicle Conflicts at Urban Intersections, Transportation Research Record 1595, pp.1-7, 1997.
9.Richards, S.H., and Heathington, K.W., Assessment of Warning Time Needs at Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings with Active Traffic Control, Transportation Research Record 1254, pp.72-84, 1990.
10.Richards, S.H., and Heathington, K.W., Motorist Understanding of Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Traffic Control Devices and Associated Traffic Laws, Transportation Research Record 1160, pp.52-59, 1988.
11.Richards, S.H., Heathington, K.W., and Fambro, D.B., Evaluation of Constant Warning Times Using Train Predictors at a Grade Crossing with Flashing Light Signals, Transportation Research Record 1254, pp.60-71, 1990.
12.Stott, Automatic Open Level Crossings: A Review of Safety, HMSO, London, 1987.
13.Tsai, M.C., Delay and Risk at Automatic Level Crossings in Britain, Journal of Traffic Engineering and Control, vol.39, 9, pp.492-498, 1998.
14.Wissinger, L.M., Hummer, J.E., and Milazzo II, J.S., Using Focus Groups to Investigate Issues of Red Light Running, Transportation Research Record 1734, pp.38-45, 2000.