本研究針對車載式導航的介面設計，探討性別差異是否影響良好介面設計的定義。隨著科技的進步，車用導航系統介面設計的重點已不再侷限於使用二維(two-dimension,2D)呈現影像，更符合現實的三維(three-dimension, 3D)電子地圖已出現在導航設備中。根據交通部(2008)統計資料顯示，台灣女性開車比例已超過駕駛人數的四分之一(29.1%)，顯示女性開車比例日漸提升，獨立尋路的比例也逐漸增加。科技產品、工程設計、運輸規劃向來並非性別中立，傳統上假設使用者對於產品的需求、價值感、偏好及使用行為有高度同質性。且隨著女性駕駛人數越來越多，未考慮性別差異的產品設計顯得過時且不合理，但市面上卻少有針對性別差異進行客製化設計的導航儀器，或針對適用不同性別的導航介面提出建議。本研究應用實驗設計，探討性別在操作車載式導航系統上的差異，分別以主觀問卷量測及客觀操作調查受測者與導航機之間的互動關係，實驗產生之結果作為性別差異所適用之車載式導航機介面的建議。

This study investigates whether gender differences have an impact on the definition of good interface design for on-board navigation system. This study also analyzes whether 2 dimensional or 3 dimensional display for the small-display of on-board navigation system result in different levels of usability. This work adopted an experimental design for collecting data from three tasks-locating points, planning routes, and searching polygons-each emphasizing a different aspect of way-finding. Study results demonstrate whether gender, the on-board navigation system interface the participant used, and a combination of the two predict a person’s operational performance and satisfaction with a on-board navigation system. This study’s results provide a better understanding of whether manufacturers should develop interfaces that fit a on-board navigation system’s small display based on gender.

英文參考文獻
1.Adler, J. L. (2001). Investigating the learning effects of route guidance and traffic advisories on route choice behavior. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 9(1), 1-14.
2.Andrienko, N., Andrienko, G., Voss, H., Bernardo, F., Hipolito, J., and Kretchmer, U. (2002). Testing the usability of interactive maps in common GIS. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 29(4), 325-342.
3.Astur, R. S., Ortiz, M. L., and Sutherland, R. J. (1998). A characterization of performance by men and women in a virtual Morris water task: A large and reliable sex difference. Behavioural Brain Research, 93(1-2), 185-190.
4.Berenbaum, S. A. (1999). Effects of Early Androgens on Sex-Typed Activities and Interests in Adolescents with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Hormones and Behavior, 35(1), 102-110.
5.Bethell-Fox, C. E., and Shepard, R. N. (1988). Mental Rotation: Effects of Stimulus Complexity and Familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14(1), 12-23.
6.Bosco, A., Longoni, A. M., and Vecchi, T. (2004). Gender effects in spatial orientation: cognitive profiles and mental strategies. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(5), 519-532.
7.Bressler, S. E., and Grantham, C. E. (2001). Communities of Commerce: Building Internet Business Communities to Accelerate Growth, Minimize Risk, and Increase Customer Loyalty, New York: McGraw-Hill.
8.Brooke, J. (1996). SUS: a quick and dirty usability scale. In P. W. Jordan, B. Thomas, B. A. Weerdmeester, and A. L. McClelland. Usability Evaluation in Industry. London: Taylor and Francis. http://www.usabilitynet.org/trump/documents/Suschapt.doc.
9.Burnett, G.E. and Joyner, S.M. (1993). An investigation on the man machine interfaces to existing route guidance systems. Proceedings of the Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference.
10.Burnett, G.E. and Lee, K. (2005). The effect of vehicle navigation systems on the formation of cognitive maps. Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and Application, 407-418. Elsevier.
11.Cheung, C. M. K., Lee, M. K. O., and Chen, Z. (2002). Using the Internet as a learning medium: an exploration of gender difference in the adoption of FaBWeb.
12.Chen, C. H., Chang, W.C., and Chang, W. T. (2008). Gender differences in relation to wayfinding strategies, navigational support design, and wayfinding task difficulty. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(2), 220-226.
13.Sibley, C.G. and Harre, N. (2009). A gender role socialization model of explicit and implicit biases in driving self-enhancement. Transportation Research Part F, 12(6), 452-461.
14.Cutmore, T. R. H., Hine, T. J., Maberly, K. J., Langford, N. M., and Hawgood, G. (2000). Cognitive and gender factors influencing navigation in a virtual environment. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 53(2), 223-249.
15.Coluccia, E., and Louse, G. (2004). Gender differences in spatial orientation: A review. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(3), 329-340.
16.Economist print edition. (2010). Hunters and shoppers. http://english.cw.com.tw/article.do?action=show&id=11935
17.Finstad, K., (2006). The system usability scale and non-native english speakers. Journal of Usability Studies, 1(4), 185-188.
18.Green, P., University of, M., Human Factors, D., and Transportation Research, I. (2001). Safeguards for On-board Wireless Communications.
19.Gould, J. D. and Lewis, C. (1985). Designing for usability: key principles and what designers think. Communications of the ACM, 2(3), 300-311.
20.Henrie, R. L., Aron, R. H., Nelson, B. D., and Poole, D. A. (1997). Gender-related knowledge variations within geography. Sex Roles, 36(9), 605-623.
21.Hix, D. and Hartson, H.R., (1993). Developing User Interfaces: Ensuring Usability through Product and Process, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
22.Jan, B.F., and Hendrik, A.H.C. (2004). Vibrotactile in-vehicle navigation system. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 7(4-5), 247-256.
23.James, T. W., and Kimura, D. (1997). Sex differences in remembering the locations of objects in an array: Location-shifts versus location-exchanges. Evolution and Human Behavior, 18(3), 155-163.
24.Karat, J. (1997). Evolving the scope of user-centered design. Communications of the ACM, 40(7), 33-38.
25.Kitchin, R. M. (1994). Cognitive maps: What are they and why study them? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(1), 1-19.
26.Kreifeldt, J. G. (1982). Consumer product design projects for human factors Classes. Proceedings of the HFS 26th Annual Meeting, 735-739.
27.Lawton, C.A. (1994). Gender differences in way finding strategies：relationship to spatial ability and spatial anxiety. Sex Role, 30(11-12), 759-765.
28.Lawton, C. A. (1996). Strategies for indoor way-finding: the role of orientation. Journal of Environmentsal Psychology, 16(2), 137-145.
29.Leason, J., MacFadden, A., Bell, S., and Elias, L. J. (2002). Are sex differences in navigation caused by sexually dimorphic strategies or by differences in the ability to use the strategies? Behavioral Neuroscience, 116(3), 403-410.
30.Lin, R., and Kreifeldt, J.G. (2001). Ergonomics in wearable computer design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 27(4), 259-269.
31.Malinowski, J. C. (2001). Mental rotation and real-world wayfinding. Perceptual and Moter Skills, 92(1), 19-30.
32.Moffat, S. D., Hampson, E., and Hatzipantelis, M. (1998). Navigation in a “virtual maze”: sex differences and correlation with psychometric measures of spatial ability in humans. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 19(2), 73-78.
33.Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering, AP Professional, NY.
34.Nielsen, J., and Lavy, J. (1994). Measuring usability: preference vs. performance. Communications of the ACM, 37(4), 66-67.
35.Norman, D. (1988). The Design of Everyday Things. New York: Basic Books.
36.O'Laughlin, E. M., and Brubaker, B. S. (1998). Use of landmarks in cognitive mapping: Gender differences in self report versus performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(5), 595-601.
37.Pease, B., and Pease, A. (2001). Why men don't listen and women can't read maps: How we're different and what to do about it: Broadway Books.
38.Pezaris, E., and Casey, M. B. (1991). Girls who use “masculine” problem-solving strategies on a spatial task: proposed genetic and environmental factors. Brain and Cognition, 17(1), 1-21.
39.Rosenthal, R., and DePaulo, B. M. (1979). Sex differences in eavesdropping on nonverbal cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(2), 273-285.
40.Stoter, J.E. and Zlatanova, S. (2003). Visualisation and editing of 3D objects organised in a DBMS. Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.
41.Schintler, L. (2005). Society, behaviour, and public/private transport: Trends and prospects in North America. Social Dimensions of Sustainable Transport: Transatlantic Perspectives.
42.Silverman, I., and Eals, M. (1992). Sex differences in spatial abilities: Evolutionary theory and data. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, 531-549. New York: Oxford Press.
43.Shneiderman, B. (1992). Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
44.Tolman, E.C. (1948). Cognitive maps in mice and men. Psychological Review. 55(4), 189-208.
45.Tullis, T.S., and Stetson, J.N. (2004). A Comparison of Questionnaires for Assessing Website Usability. Proceedings of UPA 2004.
46.Victor, T. W., Harbluk, J. L., and Engstrom, J. A. (2005). Sensitivity of eye-movement measures to in-vehicle task difficulty. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 8(2), 167-190.
47.Voyer, D., Voyer, S. and Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117(2), 250-270.
48.Wierwille, W. W., Antin, J. F., Dingus, T. A. and Hulse, M. C. (1988). Visual Attention Demand of an In-car Navigation System. In A.G. Gale et al. (Eds.) Vision in vehicles II, 307-316. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.

中文參考文獻
1.DIGITIMES(2009年12月3日)。2010年全球PND市場展望。http://www.digitimes.com.tw/tw/rpt/rpt_show.asp?pro=y&proname=%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81&cat=PCE&v=20091203-515
2.DIGITIMES(2011年5月9日)。PND品牌2011年1Q市佔。http://www.digitimes.com.tw.ezproxy.lib.ncku.edu.tw:2048/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?CnlID=10&id=0000232005_RS71YICELZRRXF6K935TC#ixzz1MJcvecD1
3.DJ財金知識庫(2009年8月27日)。研勤Andorid導航軟體，成功搭載三星等手機。http://www.moneydj.com/kmdj/News/NewsViewer.aspx?a=eabc80a6-60ae-4f78-be32-527eb0b0e524
4.GPS網(2009年12月21日)。話說GPS導航電子地圖三維化視覺上的3D突破。http://www.gpswang.cn/gpswang/news/gpsxianliao/2009-12-21/5907.html
5.北美新浪財經(2008年12月10日)。三維實景地圖引領導航產業新動向。http://financenews.sina.com/sinacn/304-000-106-109/2008-12-10/1840978330.html
6.交通部(2008)。【自用小客車駕駛人男女比率】。未出版之統計數據。http://www.motc.gov.tw/mocwebGIP/wSite/lp?ctNode=549&CtUnit=102&BaseDSD=7&mp=1
7.科技政策研究與資訊中心(2008年7月9日)。微軟推出PND的嵌入式作業系統NavReady。http://cdnet.stpi.org.tw/techroom/market/ee/2008/ee_08_011.htm
8.新通訊(2010年4月號110期)。版圖/技術/服務角逐激烈，車載資通訊系統大變身。http://www.2cm.com.tw/coverstory_content.asp?sn=1003250007
9.陳慧昇(1997)，電子購物之2D介面與3D介面的差異研究，大葉大學碩士論文。
10.群益金融網(2007年3月26)。神達受DELL拖累 上半年IT營收驟減 所幸GPS貨倍增彌補。http://www.capital.com.tw/News/detial.asp?ID={2F6844A9-DEFA-4E12-9C17-DCEE7C9CA303}&stocknews=1
11.數位時代(2007年9月1日)。迷路是門好生意。
12.劉芳欣(2008年8月22日)。PND的新契機－連網式PND發展概況。http://career.zhupiter.com/forum/9/%E6%89%8B%E6%A9%9F%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD/PND%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%A5%91%E6%A9%9F%EF%BC%8D%E9%80%A3%E7%B6%B2%E5%BC%8FPND%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81/1245/1/1/
13.騰訊科技數位網(2010年1月6日)。http://digi.tech.qq.com/a/20100107/001190.htm

中文書目參考文獻
1.Mayer, R.E. (1980). 認知心理學(洪碧霞、黃瑞煥、陳婉枚等譯)，復文出版社。
2.Norman, D. (2000). 設計心理學：以使用者為中心、安全易用的日常生活用品設計原理(卓耀宗譯)，遠流出版社。
3.Norman, D. (2005). 情感設計：我們為何喜歡(或討厭)日常用品(翁鵲嵐、鄭玉屏、張志傑等譯)，田園城市出版社。
4.Preece, J., Rogers, Y., and Sharp, H. (2006). 互動設計:跨越人-電腦互動(陳建雄譯)，全華科技出版社。
5.Preece, J. (1998). 人機介面與互動入門-電腦之人因工程 (陳建豪譯)，和碩科技文化有限公司、艾迪生維斯理出版有限公司合作出版。
6.Shneiderman and Plaisant. (2005). 人機介面設計-有效的人機互動策略(曾志軒譯)，東華出版社。