臉孔處理可以說是吾人物體辨識的終極典範：流暢且多樣，高度正確，大量容量等特色，使一派學者強調臉孔處理有從演化(到基因)與發展上(新生兒)的優勢與獨特性。此外，知覺專家假說的支持者強調後天經驗累積學習的重要性，並舉証後天物體專家(如車專家或鳥專家)具有對該專家性物體的優異分辨或辨識能力，與一般人對臉孔的辨識相似。更有研究進一步顯示臉孔與專家物體在雙重作業(如溯二臉車的交互干擾作業)裡，專家程度愈高，其臉孔受干擾的程度愈大。鑑於上述臉孔與專家辨識的研究結果仍有許多爭議，同時對兩者的交互作用也仍有未盡之處，本研究進而探討賞鳥專家在臉孔與鳥類辨識機制的交互作用。研究對象為19位賞鳥經驗者與19名年齡對照組。研究一利用不同難度的臉孔作業，檢試鳥類專家與生手的臉孔處理，結果顯示鳥專家在辨別不同部件(如兩眼或人中的距離)差異的能力表現有組內正相關，建議賞鳥經驗似有幫助吾人臉孔的細微差異辨識能力之可能。研究二顯示雖統稱為鳥類專家，但不同專家性反映其經常熟悉鳥類的方式(如山鳥或水鳥)，至少有兩類相關的知覺專家性；研究三探討複合臉與複合鳥的一致性效果，結果發現臉孔有一致性效果，但鳥專家在複合鳥上並無一致性效果，顯示可能的天花板效應與受試的選擇注意彈性；最後，研究四採用溯二臉鳥交互干擾作業，發現整體來說，鳥類區辨能力越強，臉被干擾程度越高，支持並擴展了先前車專家的研究結果；更有趣的是，鳥專家在研究三的複合臉整體處理效果越大(亦即愈能選擇性注意臉孔上半或下半)，其在鳥類的受干擾效果愈小，意即從另一個正向的學習移轉角度來建議臉孔與專家物體的交互作用：除了鳥專家性愈高，臉孔干擾愈大之外；臉孔選擇注意彈性愈大，鳥專家的臉孔被干擾愈小。綜合來說，本研究發現鳥類專家在臉孔與鳥類處理上有正向(賞鳥者似乎有較佳的臉孔整體辨識相關；與臉孔處理彈性愈大，鳥類處理被干擾愈小等)與負向(兩者皆競爭有限資源)的交互作用，且這兩者是同時存在且相互獨立的。如此的結果也進一步深化了「臉孔與專家物體處理，使用高度重疊的認知路徑與資源」的說法。

Face recognition is the hallmark of human ultimate performance： efficient, parallel, highly accurate, and with seemingly unlimited capacity. To explain this, some have suggested that, through the evolution that endows into our genes (shown in newborn infants), faces enjoy privileged processing mechanisms and resources. On the other hand, proponents of the perceptual expertise hypothesis emphasize the importance of experience：by showing not only some acclaimed face-only effects in domain experts, but also interactions between faces and objects of expertise under tasks (i.e., 2-back face-car interference task). To broaden such interaction beyond car experts and also to explore other aspects of this interaction, the current study recruited 19 bird experts and 19 age-matched novices to do (a) face configuration task of various difficulty; (b) two (visual and auditory) bird expertise measurements, (c) composite face and bird task, and (d) the 2-back face-bird interference task. The results showed that (a) though there was no systematic differences between bird experts’ and novices’ performance, birders as a group correlated in the harder distance discrimination (e.g., between eyes or between nose and lip) tasks, suggesting that birding experience seems to increase their discriminability in face gestalts; (b) bird expertise can, depending on their birding locales, be divided into two related, but separate, visual (shorebirds) and auditory (passerines) expertise; (c) there is no bird or face congruency effects in the standard composite task, consistent with some early study’s results. This may reflect the ceiling effect, or that subjects can flexibly change their attended halves (upper or lower); (d) in accordance and extending the previous 2-back alternative task’s results, we also found that the higher the bird expertise, the larger the face interference in our 2-back face-bird task. Furthermore, the higher the face composite effect (meaning the flexible looking of face parts) in study c, the lower the bird interference in the 2-back task on birders. Lastly, both negative (competing common resources) and positive (higher correlation of internal feature sensitivity, and lower bird interference with higher face composite effect) aspects of the face-bird interactions coexist independently, deepening the claim that faces and expert object categories share highly overlapping processing resources.

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許馨月與簡惠玲(民100)。台灣嬰兒和成人的他種族效應之探討。中華心理學刊，53(1)，35-57。
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