| 研究生: |
裴海英 BÙI, HẢI ANH |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
寵物形象(狗 vs. 貓)在產品廣告中對消費者購買意願和支付意願的影響:產品涉入程度的調節作用 The Influence of Pet Featuring (Dog vs. Cat) in Product Advertisements on Customer Purchase Intention and Willingness To Pay: Moderation of Product Involvement |
| 指導教授: |
裴素賢
Bae, So-hyun |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
管理學院 - 國際企業研究所 Institute of International Business |
| 論文出版年: | 2025 |
| 畢業學年度: | 113 |
| 語文別: | 英文 |
| 論文頁數: | 82 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 寵物行銷 、狗與貓 、情感共鳴 、產品相關性 、消費者行為反應 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Pet-featured advertisement, Dog vs. Cat, Emotional engagement, Product involvement, Consumer purchase intention |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:31 下載:6 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
隨著飼養寵物的現象日益普及,人們與伴侶動物之間的情感聯繫也日趨緊密,這一變化正在重塑品牌與消費者之間的溝通方式。在此情境下,狗與貓逐漸成為廣告中引發情感反應的主要角色。儘管過往研究多聚焦於動物意象帶來的情感效果,然而針對「狗」與「貓」在廣告中所產生的具體行為影響之比較,研究仍較為稀少。因此,本研究旨在探討不同寵物類型(狗或貓)在廣告中所引發的消費者態度與支付傾向之差異,並進一步驗證情感參與在其中所扮演的中介角色。同時,研究亦納入產品涉入程度(高與低)作為調節變項,以理解不同情境下的效果變化。研究發現,相較於貓,狗主題的廣告能更有效地促進消費者的購買意圖與支付意願;此影響亦因情感參與的提升而部分成立,特別是在低涉入產品的情境中效果更為明顯。本研究不僅拓展了對情感驅動行銷策略的理解,也為實務應用提供了根據消費者類型量身打造寵物廣告內容的具體建議。
In recent years, the growth in pet companionship and the emotional significance attributed to domestic animals have increasingly shaped modern marketing strategies. Amid this evolution, dogs and cats have emerged as compelling figures in advertising, functioning as emotionally impactful stimuli that can influence consumer perception and behavior. While prior research has examined animal imagery in promotional content, few studies have systematically compared the relative influence of dog-versus cat-based advertisements, especially regarding consumers’ buying intention and payment willingness. This study addresses that gap by exploring how pet type (dog vs. cat) affects consumer reactions to advertisements and the extent to which emotional connection mediates this relationship. Furthermore, it examines whether product involvement (high vs. low) acts as a contextual factor that moderates these effects, offering insight into scenarios where pet imagery proves more persuasive. The results demonstrate that dog-themed advertisements significantly enhance both intention to purchase and willingness to pay in comparison to cat-themed ones. Emotional engagement was shown to serve as a partial mediator in this effect, underlining its importance in shaping consumer responses. In addition, the mediation effect varied depending on product involvement, with dog-featured ads proving especially impactful under conditions of low consumer engagement. These findings contribute to the academic discussion on emotional branding and consumer behavior while providing actionable implications for advertisers aiming to optimize pet-related advertising tactics.
Allen, K. (2003). Are Pets a Healthy Pleasure? The Influence of Pets on Blood Pressure. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(6), 236–239. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0963-7214.2003.01269.x
Amiot, C. E., & Bastian, B. (2015). Toward a psychology of human-animal relations. Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 6–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038147
Amos, D. (2010, January). “How I Did It: Aflac’s CEO Explains How He Fell For The Duck.” Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2010/01/how-i-did-it-aflacs-ceo-explains-how-he-fell-for-the-duck.
Amyx, D. A. (2017). The Effects of Values, Advertising Characteristics, and Animal Companion Preference on Consumer Attitudes and Purchase (pp. 65–82). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45596-9_15
Antonacopoulos, N. M. D., & Pychyl, T. A. (2010). An Examination of the Potential Role of Pet Ownership, Human Social Support and Pet Attachment in the Psychological Health of Individuals Living Alone. Anthrozoös, 23(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303710X12627079939143
Apaolaza, V., Hartmann, P., Paredes, M. R., Trujillo, A., & D’Souza, C. (2022). What motivates consumers to buy fashion pet clothing? The role of attachment, pet anthropomorphism, and self-expansion. Journal of Business Research, 141, 367–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.037
Associated Press & Petside.com. (2009). AP-Petside.com Poll methodology. GfK Roper Public Affairs & Media. http://www.ap-gfkpoll.com
Aylesworth, A. B., Goodstein, R. C., & Goodstein, R. C. (1999). Effect of Archetypal Embeds on Feelings: An Indirect Route to Affecting Attitudes? Journal of Advertising, 28(3), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1999.10673590
Bagozzi, R. P., Gopinath, M., & Nyer, P. U. (1999). The Role of Emotions in Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(2), 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399272005
Baker, M. J., & Churchill, G. A. (1977). The Impact of Physically Attractive Models on Advertising Evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(4), 538. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151194
Barcelos, A. M., Kargas, N., Maltby, J., Hall, S., Assheton, P., & Mills, D. S. (2021). Theoretical foundations to the impact of dog-related activities on human hedonic well-being, life satisfaction and eudaimonic well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312382
Barreto, A. M., & Ramalho, D. (2019). The impact of involvement on engagement with brand posts. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 13(3), 277–301. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2018-0013
Beck, L., & Madresh, E. A. (2008). Romantic Partners and Four-Legged Friends: An Extension of Attachment Theory to Relationships with Pets. Anthrozoös, 21(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279308X274056
Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139–168. https://doi.org/10.1086/209154
Belk, R. W. (1996). Metaphoric Relationships with Pets. Society & Animals, 4(2), 121–145. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853096X00115
Bell, R., & Marshall, D. W. (2003). The construct of food involvement in behavioral research: scale development and validation☆. Appetite, 40(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00009-6
Boldero, J. M., & Higgins, E. T. (2011). Regulatory Focus and Political Decision Making: When People Favor Reform Over the Status Quo. Political Psychology, 32(3), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00814.x
Bowden, J. L.-H. (2009). The Process of Customer Engagement: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 17(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679170105
Brockman, B. K., Taylor, V. A., & Brockman, C. M. (2008). The price of unconditional love: Consumer decision making for high-dollar veterinary care. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.09.033
Brodie, R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Jurić, B., & Ilić, A. (2011). Customer Engagement: Conceptual Domain, Fundamental Propositions, and Implications for Research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670511411703
Brooks, H. L., Rushton, K., Lovell, K., Bee, P., Walker, L., Grant, L., & Rogers, A. (2018). The power of support from companion animals for people living with mental health problems: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1613-2
C. Diep. (2024). Market value of pet related businesses in Japan from fiscal year 2016 to 2023 with forecasts until 2026. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/739184/japan-pet-market-retail-value/
Calvo-Porral, C., Ruiz-Vega, A., & Lévy-Mangin, J.-P. (2018). Does product involvement influence how emotions drive satisfaction?: An approach through the Theory of Hedonic Asymmetry. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 24(3), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2018.06.001
Cavanaugh, L. A., Leonard, H. A., & Scammon, D. L. (2008). A tail of two personalities: How canine companions shape relationships and well-being. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.024
Chen, S. (2024). The Impact of Emotional Marketing on Consumers’ Purchase Intention: A Case Study of Jellycat. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 83(1), 285–291. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/83/20240763
Chernev, A. (2004). Goal Orientation and Consumer Preference for the Status Quo. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(3), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1086/425090
Consoli, D. (2010). A new concept of marketing: The emotional marketing. BRAND. Broad Research in Accounting, Negotiation, and Distribution, 1(1), 52–59.
Coren, S. (2000). Why We Love the Dogs We Do: How to Find the Dog That Matches Your Personality. Free Press.
Dell’Amore, C. (2013). U.S. Pet Poll: Most Prefer Dogs, 18 Percent Want Dinosaur. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/130619-pets-poll-animals-united-states-nation-dogs-cats
Dholakia, U. M. (2001). A motivational process model of product involvement and consumer risk perception. European Journal of Marketing, 35(11/12), 1340–1362. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006479
Di Cioccio, M., Pozharliev, R., & De Angelis, M. (2024). Pawsitively powerful: Why and when pet influencers boost social media effectiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 41(7), 1614–1628. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.22000
Donovan, R., & Rossiter, J. (1982). Store Atmosphere: An Environmental Psychology Approach. J Retailing, 58, 34–57. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248766608_Store_Atmosphere_An_Environmental_Psychology_Approach
Dotson, M. J., & Hyatt, E. M. (2008). Understanding dog–human companionship. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.019
Downey, H., & Ellis, S. (2008). Tails of animal attraction: Incorporating the feline into the family. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 434–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.015
Dudarenok, A. G. (2021, April 14). Pets: The New Code To China’s Luxury Fashion Consumers. Jing Daily. https://jingdaily.com/posts/pets-fashion-china-luxury-louis-vuitton-valentino
Emmi Hartama. (2021). Possibilities of influencer marketing through pet Instagram accounts: A fast lane to a pet owner’s pocket? [Bachelor’s Thesis]. LUT School of Business and Management.
Farand, C. (2016, January 31). Which love us more - cats or dogs? The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/bbc-documentary-answers-ageold-question-which-love-us-more-cats-or-dogs-a6844846.html
Feldhamer, G., Whittaker, J., Monty, A., & Weickert, C. (2002). Charismatic Mammalian Megafauna: Public Empathy and Marketing Strategy. The Journal of Popular Culture, 36(1), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5931.00037
Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 39–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.39
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 11.0 Update (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
Glanville, C., Ford, J., Cook, R., & Coleman, G. J. (2021). Community Attitudes Reflect Reporting Rates and Prevalence of Animal Mistreatment. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.666727
Golan, G. J., & Zaidner, L. (2008). Creative Strategies in Viral Advertising: An Application of Taylor’s Six-Segment Message Strategy Wheel. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(4), 959–972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00426.x
Goldsmith, R. E., & Emmert, J. (1991). Measuring product category involvement: A multitrait-multimethod study. Journal of Business Research, 23(4), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(91)90021-O
González-Ramírez, M. T., & Landero-Hernández, R. (2021). Pet–Human Relationships: Dogs versus Cats. Animals, 11(9), 2745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092745
Haid, M. (2024). The Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2023. American Kennel Club. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/most-popular-dog-breeds-2023/
Haigh, M. M., & Wigley, S. (2024). Doug the Pug, Eggnog, and Boo (pp. 162–180). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0912-4.ch009
Haldeman P. (2018). The Secret Price of Pets. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/04/style/how-to-pamper-your-pet.html
Han, T., Han, J., Liu, J., & Li, W. (2024). Effect of emotional factors on purchase intention in live streaming marketing of agricultural products: A moderated mediation model. PLOS ONE, 19(4), e0298388. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298388
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953
Hill, R. P., Gaines, J., & Wilson, R. M. (2008). Consumer behavior, extended-self, and sacred consumption: An alternative perspective from our animal companions. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 553–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.11.009
Hirschman, E. C. (1994). Consumers and Their Animal Companions. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(4), 616. https://doi.org/10.1086/209374
Holbrook, M. B., & Batra, R. (1987). Assessing the Role of Emotions as Mediators of Consumer Responses to Advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(3), 404. https://doi.org/10.1086/209123
Holbrook, M. B., Stephens, D. L., Day, E., Holbrook, S. M., & Strazar, G. (2001). A Collective Stereographic Photo Essay on Key Aspects of Animal Companionship: The Truth About Dogs and Cats.
Holbrook, M. B., & Woodside, A. G. (2008). Animal companions, consumption experiences, and the marketing of pets: Transcending boundaries in the animal–human distinction. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.024
Hollebeek, L. D., Glynn, M. S., & Brodie, R. J. (2014). Consumer Brand Engagement in Social Media: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Validation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 28(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2013.12.002
Homer, T. (2025). 10 Most Common Cat Breeds You’ll Find in U.S. Homes. HowStuffWorks. https://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/most-common-cat-breeds.htm
Huang, S. Y. B., Huang, C.-H., & Chang, T.-W. (2022). A New Concept of Work Engagement Theory in Cognitive Engagement, Emotional Engagement, and Physical Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663440
Jain, M. (2019). A study on consumer behavior-decision making under high and low involvement situations. IJRAR - International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6(1), 943–950. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3345496
James McCay. (2023). Dog vs cat people: The definitive survey. Compare the Market. https://www.comparethemarket.com.au/pet-insurance/features/dog-vs-cat-people-survey/
Janssens, M., Eshuis, J., Peeters, S., Lataster, J., Reijnders, J., Enders-Slegers, M. J., & Jacobs, N. (2020). The Pet-Effect in Daily Life: An Experience Sampling Study on Emotional Wellbeing in Pet Owners. Anthrozoos, 33(4), 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2020.1771061
Jia, L., Yang, X., & Jiang, Y. (2022). The Pet Exposure Effect: Exploring the Differential Impact of Dogs Versus Cats on Consumer Mindsets. Journal of Marketing, 86(5), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429221078036
John Bradshaw. (2012). Dog sense: How the new science of dog behavior can make you a better friend to your pet. Basic Books.
John Bradshaw. (2013). Cat sense: How the new feline science can make you a better friend to your pet. Basic Books.
Kang, Y., & Herr, P. M. (2006). Beauty and the Beholder: Toward an Integrative Model of Communication Source Effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(1), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1086/504143
Keller, B., & Gierl, H. (2020). Effectiveness of animal images in advertising. Marketing, Zeitschrift Fur Forschung Und Praxis, 42(1), 3–32. https://doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2020-1-3
Khalid, A., & Dildar, S. (2019). Effect of Pet Interaction on Stress Reduction and Positive Mood Enhancement among Pet-Owners and Non-Owners. Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2019.0005
Kiang, Y.-J., Wan, S., Liang, J., Chen, C.-C., & Sun, W.-J. (2024). Contact With Dogs and Cats: A New Approach to Influencing Consumer Risk-Return Preferences. In International Journal of Business and Economics (Vol. 23). https://ijbe.fcu.edu.tw/past_issues/No.23-2/pdf/Vol.23-2-5
Kirk, C. P. (2019). Dogs have masters, cats have staff: Consumers’ psychological ownership and their economic valuation of pets. Journal of Business Research, 99, 306–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.057
Krugman, H. E. (1966). The Measurement of Advertising Involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 30(4), 583–596. https://doi.org/10.1086/267457
Kurdek, L. A. (2008). Pet dogs as attachment figures. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(2), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507087958
Langenfeld, S. (2018, March 9). Why dogs adapt to their environment. Wag! https://wagwalking.com/behavior/why-dogs-adapt-to-their-environment
Laurent, G., & Kapferer, J.-N. (1985). Measuring Consumer Involvement Profiles. Journal of Marketing Research, 22(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151549
Lee, Y. S. (2014). Do Brands Talk Differently? : An Examination of Product Category Involvement of Elaboration Likelihood Model in Facebook. The Korean Journal of Advertising, 3(2), 45–84. https://doi.org/10.14377/JAPR.2014.9.30.45
Lerner, J. E., & Kalof, L. (1999). The Animal Text: Message and Meaning in Television Advertisements. The Sociological Quarterly, 40(4), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1999.tb00568.x
Liberman, N., Idson, L. C., Camacho, C. J., & Higgins, E. T. (1999). Promotion and prevention choices between stability and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1135–1145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1135
Lin, L., & Chen, C. (2006). The influence of the country‐of‐origin image, product knowledge and product involvement on consumer purchase decisions: an empirical study of insurance and catering services in Taiwan. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23(5), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760610681655
Liu, Y., Chang, X., Yang, S., Li, Z., & Wu, Y. (2024). “Pets make you spend more!” Impact of pet ownership on consumer purchase decisions. Journal of Business Research, 183, 114838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114838
Lloyd, S., & Woodside, A. G. (2013). Animals, archetypes, and advertising (A 3 ): The theory and the practice of customer brand symbolism. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(1–2), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2013.765498
Lue, T. W., Pantenburg, D. P., & Crawford, P. M. (2008). Impact of the owner-pet and client-veterinarian bond on the care that pets receive. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232(4), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.232.4.531
Maddox, J. (2021). The secret life of pet Instagram accounts: Joy, resistance, and commodification in the Internet’s cute economy. New Media & Society, 23(11), 3332–3348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820956345
Mars. (2024, October 1). Success Stories: Mars Petcare’s ‘KittenWise.’ Mars United Commerce. https://www.marsunited.com/success-stories-mars-petcares-kittenwise/
Marshall, D., & Bell, R. (2004). Relating the food involvement scale to demographic variables, food choice and other constructs. Food Quality and Preference, 15(7–8), 871–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2004.06.003
Martens, P., Enders-Slegers, M.-J., & Walker, J. K. (2016). The Emotional Lives of Companion Animals: Attachment and Subjective Claims by Owners of Cats and Dogs. Anthrozoös, 29(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2015.1075299
Mayo, C., Mayo, D., & Helms, M. (2009). Pets in Print Advertising - Are We Seeing More of Rover and Fluffy? A Content Analysis of Four Popular Magazines. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 13, 45–66. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289761414_Pets_in_Print_Advertising_-_Are_We_Seeing_More_of_Rover_and_Fluffy_A_Content_Analysis_of_Four_Popular_Magazines
McConnell, A. R., Brown, C. M., Shoda, T. M., Stayton, L. E., & Martin, C. E. (2011). Friends with benefits: On the positive consequences of pet ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 1239–1252. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024506
McMILLAN, S. J., Hwang, J.-S., & Lee, G. (2003). Effects of Structural and Perceptual Factors on Attitudes toward the Website. Journal of Advertising Research, 43(4), 400–409. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cup:jadres:v:43:y:2003:i:04:p:400-409_03
Meehan, M., Massavelli, B., & Pachana, N. (2017). Using Attachment Theory and Social Support Theory to Examine and Measure Pets as Sources of Social Support and Attachment Figures. Anthrozoös, 30(2), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2017.1311050
Miklósi, Á., Pongrácz, P., Lakatos, G., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2005). A Comparative Study of the Use of Visual Communicative Signals in Interactions Between Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Humans and Cats (Felis catus) and Humans. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 119(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.119.2.179
Mittal, B. (1989). Measuring Purchase‐decision involvement. Psychology & Marketing, 6(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220060206
Mosteller, J. (2008). Animal-companion extremes and underlying consumer themes. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 512–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.004
Mukherjee, S. (2019, August 13). Using emotional branding effectively. CleverTap. https://clevertap.com/blog/emotional-branding/
Myers, S., Sen, S., Syrdal, H., & Woodroof, P. (2024). The impact of Persuasion knowledge cues on social media engagement: a look at pet influencer marketing. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 32(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2022.2093224
Myrick, J. G. (2015). Emotion regulation, procrastination, and watching cat videos online: Who watches Internet cats, why, and to what effect? Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.001
Nagasawa, M., Mitsui, S., En, S., Ohtani, N., Ohta, M., Sakuma, Y., Onaka, T., Mogi, K., & Kikusui, T. (2015). Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds. Science, 348(6232), 333–336. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261022
Nenkov, G. Y., & Scott, M. L. (2014). “So Cute I Could Eat It Up”: Priming Effects of Cute Products on Indulgent Consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(2), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1086/676581
Nugent, W. R., & Daugherty, L. (2022). A Measurement Equivalence Study of the Family Bondedness Scale: Measurement Equivalence Between Cat and Dog Owners. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.812922
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion (pp. 123–205). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981). Personal involvement as a determinant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(5), 847–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.5.847
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and Peripheral Routes to Advertising Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.1086/208954
Potter, A., & Mills, D. S. (2015). Domestic Cats (Felis silvestris catus) Do Not Show Signs of Secure Attachment to Their Owners. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0135109. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135109
Robinette, S., Brand, C., & Lenz, V. (2001). Emotion marketing : the Hallmark way of winning customers for life. McGraw-Hill.
Sandøe, P., Palmer, C., Corr, S. A., Springer, S., & Lund, T. B. (2023). Do people really care less about their cats than about their dogs? A comparative study in three European countries. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1237547
Serpell, J. (1996). In the company of animals: A study of human–animal relationships. Cambridge University Press.
Serpell, J. (2004). Factors influencing human attitudes to animals and their welfare. Animal Welfare, 13(S1), S145–S151. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962728600014500
Serpell, J. A., & Paul, E. S. (2011). Pets in the Family: An Evolutionary Perspective. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396690.013.0017
Sherif, M., & Cantril, H. (1947). The psychology of ego-involvements: Social attitudes and identifications. John Wiley & Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1037/10840-000
Shoesmith, E., Lorimer, B., Peckham, E., Walker, L., & Ratschen, E. (2023). The influence of animal ownership on mental health for people with severe mental illness: Findings from a UK population cohort study. Human-Animal Interactions. https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2023.0027
Stewart, P. (2024, March 13). Five ways animals provoke emotion. The Animal Talent. https://theanimaltalent.agency/five-ways-animals-provoke-emotion/
Stone, M. (2022, February 24). How ads with dogs and cats affect consumer behavior. Phys.Org. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-ads-dogs-cats-affect-consumer.html
Tang, T.-W., Chen, C.-C., & Chou, J.-C. (2013). Understanding Pet Attachment and Happiness Linkages: The Mediating Role of Leisure Coping. 2013 Seventh International Conference on Complex, Intelligent, and Software Intensive Systems, 677–682. https://doi.org/10.1109/CISIS.2013.141
Tesfom, G., & Birch, N. (2010). Do they buy for their dogs the way they buy for themselves? Psychology & Marketing, 27(9), 898–912. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20364
The American Pet Products Association (APPA). (2024). 2024 Dog and Cat Report: Strategic Insights from the National Pet Owners Survey. https://americanpetproducts.org/news/the-american-pet-products-association-appa-releases-2024-dog-and-cat-owner-insight-report
The Daily Jagran. (2025). Top 10 countries with most pets in 2025: Japan now officially has more pets than children. The Daily Jagran. https://www.thedailyjagran.com/trending/top-10-countries-with-most-pets-in-2025-japan-now-officially-has-more-pets-than-children-10247463
Thomson, M., MacInnis, D. J., & Whan Park, C. (2005). The Ties That Bind: Measuring the Strength of Consumers’ Emotional Attachments to Brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1501_10
Tomkovick, C., Yelkur, R., & Christians, L. (2001). The USA’s biggest marketing event keeps getting bigger: an in-depth look at Super Bowl advertising in the 1990s. Journal of Marketing Communications, 7(2), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527260121725
Traylor, M. B. (1981). Product involvement and brand commitment. Journal of Advertising Research, 21(6), 51–56.
Trivedi, R. H., & Teichert, T. (2021). Consumer reactions to nudity in print advertising: Comparing same‐gender and opposite‐gender effects. Psychology & Marketing, 38(5), 819–833. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21471
Udell, M. A. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2008). A Review of Domestic Dogs’ (Canis Familiaris) Human‐Like Behaviors: Or Why Behavior Analysts Should Stop Worrying and Love Their Dogs. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 89(2), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2008.89-247
Ulmanen, S., Soini, T., Pietarinen, J., & Pyhältö, K. (2016). Students’ experiences of the development of emotional engagement. International Journal of Educational Research, 79, 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2016.06.003
Wallendorf, M., Belk, R., & Heisley, D. (1988). Deep Meaning in Possessions: The Paper. Advances in Consumer Research, 15(1), 528–530. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=6487655&site=ehost-live
Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010). Who Sees Human? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610369336
Wells, M., & Perrine, R. (2001). Critters in the cube farm: Perceived psychological and organizational effects of pets in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.81
Wertenbroch, K., & Skiera, B. (2002). Measuring Consumers’ Willingness to Pay at the Point of Purchase. Journal of Marketing Research, 39(2), 228–241. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.39.2.228.19086
West, T. (2014, September 20). Budweiser Uses An Adorable Puppy Video To Promote Responsible Drinking. Inquisitr. https://www.inquisitr.com/budweiser-uses-an-adorable-puppy-video-to-promote-responsible-drinking-video
Wynne, C. D. L., Udell, M. A. R., & Lord, K. A. (2008). Ontogeny’s impacts on human–dog communication. Animal Behaviour, 76(4), e1–e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.03.010
Xin Ou. (2024). Market size of pet-related businesses in China from 2015 to 2023, with forecasts until 2025. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/765681/china-pet-market-size/
Xinhua. (2025, February 16). China’s pet economy 3.0: Pampering paws and claws. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202502/16/WS1234567890abcdef.html
Yoo, C., & MacInnis, D. (2005). The brand attitude formation process of emotional and informational ads. Journal of Business Research, 58(10), 1397–1406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.03.011
YouGov. (2023). Do you like cats or dogs more? https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/survey-results/daily/2023/07/07/4999f/3
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the Involvement Construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1086/208520
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1986). Conceptualizing Involvement. Journal of Advertising, 15(2), 4–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1986.10672999
Zielke, S., & Dobbelstein, T. (2007). Customers’ willingness to purchase new store brands. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 16(2), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420710739982
Zorfas, A., & Leemon, D. (2016). An Emotional Connection Matters More than Customer Satisfaction. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2016/08/an-emotional-connection-matters-more-than-customer-satisfaction