【研究背景】　過去理論主張邊緣性性格障礙特徵之建構包含情感、認知、衝動、人際等四個因素，即使用該四方面的偏差表現來描述邊緣性性格障礙之整體表現，且可進一步作為其心理病理理論之依據。目前已有實徵之驗證性因素分析資料，支持該四因素建構在青少年族群中具有良好建構效度。然而，仍缺少針對年輕成人為樣本之實徵資料來證實該建構。另一方面，DSM系統針對性格障礙之類別式診斷取向在近年遭受許多批判，多數學者主張應將其轉為向度式診斷取向；其中以五大性格模式最為受到矚目。以五大性格模式來嘗試描述邊緣性性格障礙特徵，其表現應包含極高的神經質、較低的親和性及嚴謹性，且過去研究已大致驗證該假設。然而，少有研究探討以五大性格模式與邊緣性性格障礙特徵之四因素之間的關係，而該探討可能可以進一步驗證五大性格模式是否吻合邊緣性性格障礙之心理病理理論；此外亦缺少以縱貫研究設計來驗證五大性格模式是否可預測邊緣性性格障礙特徵。
【研究目的】　綜合研究背景，本研究之研究目的有二：一、以大學生族群來嘗試驗證邊緣性性格障礙特徵之四因素建構。二、探討是否可採用五大性格模式預測邊緣性性格障礙特徵組型、以及說明其病理理論。
【研究假設】　一、將邊緣性性格障礙特徵分成情感、認知、衝動、以及人際等四個因素進行驗證性因素分析，其結果應可具有良好之建構效度。二、高神經質、低親和性、低嚴謹性之五大性格模式剖面圖，可預測邊緣性性格障礙特徵之四因素，其中以情感因素之關連最高。
【研究方法】　本研究採縱貫研究設計。參與者：使用分層叢集抽樣方式，對南區大專院校所抽取的具代表性大學生樣本。研究工具：邊緣性性格障礙特徵問卷、五大因素量表中文化簡版。研究程序：於2003年及2004年，針對同一群大學生進行團體問卷施測。統計分析：以結構方程模式進行邊緣性性格障礙特徵之驗證性因素分析、典型相關分析探討五大性格模式及邊緣性性格障礙障礙特徵之四因素間的相關、階層式迴歸探討五大性格模式對第二年的邊緣性性格障礙特徵之預測力。
【結果與討論】　2003年共有3,241名大學生完成測量；然而，因統計考量，本研究僅選取其中1,000名大學生（500名邊緣性性格障礙特徵高分參與者、500名邊緣性性格障礙特徵低分參與者）作為資料分析之樣本，在2004年追蹤到該樣本中412名大學生。根據2003年的資料進行驗證性因素分析，結果顯示邊緣性性格障礙特徵之四因素建構大致良好。典型相關分析結果顯示五大性格模式之高神經質、低親和性、低嚴謹性可預測四個邊緣性性格障礙特徵因素，其中以情感因素之相關最高；即使控制第一年的邊緣性性格障礙特徵，第一年的五大性格模式仍可預測第二年之邊緣性性格障礙特徵，顯示其關係穩定。研究結果支持五大性格模式可以描述、預測並解釋邊緣性性格障礙特徵。五大性格模式的神經質對邊緣性性格障礙特徵有最高的預測力，且邊緣性性格障礙特徵之情感因素與之有最強的關連。該現象符合過去理論認為邊緣性性格障礙之核心特徵為情感不穩定之假設。此外，五大性格之高神經質、低親和性、低嚴謹性之組合，可能隱含情感性不適應之性格脆弱性，其病理機制值得探討。
【結論與建議】　五大性格模式可對邊緣性性格障礙作出性格特質之向度式描述及解釋，在臨床應用上有其價值。結果支持邊緣性性格障礙之核心病理特徵為情感不穩定，對該疾患之治療應首重情緒調控技巧。本研究結果可進一步延伸作為對情感性不適應性格特質之預防及設計介入方案參考。

Borderline Personality Disorder Features (BPDF) was proposed to be characterized by a four-factor construct (Affective, Cognitive, Impulsive, and Interpersonal); however, this proposal lacks empirical examination in young adults. Alternatively, recent studies proposed that the Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits could promote understanding for personality disorders through a dimensional perspective. The present study aimed to examine (1) the four-factor construct of BPDF in young adults, and (2) whether the patterns of BPDF could be predictable from FFM personality profile in a longitudinal study design. In 2003 (T1), a representative sample of 1,000 college students were recruited, and 412 were followed-up in 2004 (T2). Shortened Chinese version of the Five-Factor Inventory (SC-FFI) and Borderline Personality Disorder Features Questionnaire (BPDFQ) were used. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results showed that the four-factor construct of BPDF have a good model fit among college students. Canonical Correlation Analyses (CCA) results revealed that FFM profile with high Neuroticism, low Agreeableness and Conscientiousness predicted all four BPDF-factors, while Affective-factor had the strongest association; even across 1-year, this relationship remained stable. The results illustrated a multiple relationship between FFM and BPDF, supporting FFM applications for assessing BPD, and explained affective pathological theories in BPD pathology.

孔繁鐘與孔繁錦編譯（民89）。DSM-IV精神疾病的診斷與統計。台北市：合記圖書出版社。
柯慧貞（2001）。酒癮的戒癮治療模式之探討：Naltrexone與心理治療之結合。行政院衛生署，科技研究發展計畫。計畫編號：DOH89-TD-1111。
柯慧貞（2005）。南區大專校院學生身心健康追蹤調查與高危險群之篩檢與介入調查報告。國家科學委員會研究計劃。計畫編號：NSC94-2520-S-006-001。
簡良霖（2006）。大學生之家庭功能與性格對憂鬱症狀的影響。國立成功大學行為醫學研究所碩士論文（未出版）。
葉光輝譯（民94）。性格心理學：理論與研究。台北市：雙葉書廊。
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Chen, M. -C. & Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Development and validation of the NEO-PI-R for a Taiwanese sample. In T. Sugiman, M. Karasawa, J. H. Liu, & C. Ward (Eds), Progress in Asian Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 105-119). Seoul: Kyoyook-Kwahak-Sa.
Chien, L. -L., Ko, H. -C., & Wu, J. Y. -W. (2007). The five-factor model of personality and depressive symptoms: One-year follow-up. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1013-1023.
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 495-510.
Gunderson, J. G. & Links, P. S. (2008). The borderline diagnosis. In J. G. Gunderson & P. S. Links (Eds.), Borderline Personality Disorder: A Clinical Guide (2nd ed.) (pp.1-36). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Horesh, N., Orbach, I., Gothelf, D., Efrati, M., & Apter, A. (2003). Comparison of the suicidal behavior of adolescent inpatients with borderline personality disorder and major depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 582-588.
Horesh, N., Rolnick, T., Dannon, P., Lepkifker, E., Apter, A., & Kotler, M. (1997). Anger, impulsivity and suicide risk. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 66, 92-96.
John, O. P. & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and research (pp.102-138.) New York: Guilford Press.
Kerby, D. S. (2003). CART analysis with unit-weighted regression to predict suicidal idea from big five traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 249-261.
Kring, A. M., Davison, G. C., Neale, J. M., & Johnson, S. L. (2007). Personality disorders. In A. M. Kring, G. C. Davison, J. M. Neale, & S. L. Johnson (Eds.), Abnormal Psychology (10th ed.) (pp.386-412). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lee, C. -Y., Wen, J. –K., Yeh, W. –C., Lee, Y., & Chong, M. –Y. (2009). Reliability and validity of the 20-item Taiwan version of the borderline personality inventory. Chang Gung Medicine Journal, 32, 165-171.
Leung, S. -W. & Leung, F. (2009). Construct validity and prevalence rate of borderline personality disorder among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 494-513.
Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, M. M., & Bohus, M. (2004). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet, 364, 453-461.
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Murray, A. M., Brown, M. Z., Gallop, R. J., Heard, H. L., Korslund, K. E., Tutek, D. A., Reynolds, S. K., & Lindenboim, N. (2006). Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 757-766.
Lynam, D. R. & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 401-412.
Lyoo, I. K. (2005). Structural and functional imaging of patients with borderline personality. In M. C. Zanarini (Ed.), Borderline Personality Disorder (pp.305-332). New York: Taylor & Francis.
MacLaren, V. V. & Best, L. A. (2010). Nonsuicidal self-injury, potentially addictive behaviors, and the five factor model in undergraduates. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 521-525.
McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of a five factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. T. (2003). Measuring Personality. In R. R. McCrae & P. T. Costa (Eds.), Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective (2nd ed.) (pp.37-57). New York: Guilford Press.
Miller, J. D. & Pilkonis, P. A. (2006). Neuroticism and affective instability: The same or different? American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 839-945.
Minzenberg, M. J., Fan, J., New, A. S., Tang, C. Y., & Siever, L. J. (2008). Frontolimbic structural changes in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42, 727-733.
Mullins-Sweatt, S. N. & Widiger, T. A. (2006). The five-factor model of personality disorder: A translation across science and practice. In R. E. Krueger & J. L. Tackett (Eds.), Personality and Psychopathology (pp.39-70). New York: Guilford Press.
Oldham, J. M. (2006). Borderline personality disorder and suicidality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 20-26.
Paris, J. (2005). Borderline personality disorder. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172, 1579-1583.
Samuel, D. B. & Widiger, T. A. (2008). A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: A facet level analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1326-1342.
Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., & McGlashan, T. H. (2000). Factor analysis of the DSM-III-R borderline personality disorder criteria in psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1629-33.
Saulsman, L. M. & Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055-1085.
Seqal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York: Guilford Press.
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., McGlashan, T. H., Dyck, I. R., Stout, R. L., Bender, D. S., Grilo, C. M., Shea, M. T., Zanarini, M. C., Morey, L. C., Sanislow, C. A., Oldham, J. M. (2002). Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 276-283.
Sperry, L. (2003). Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Trull, T. J. (1995). Borderline Personality Disorder Features in Nonclinical Young Adults: 1. Identification and Validation. Psychological Assessment, 7, 33-41.
Trull, T. J. (2000). Dimensional models of personality disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 13, 179-184.
Trull, T. J. (2001). Structural relations between borderline personality disorder features and putative etiological correlates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 471-481.
Trull, T. J., Useda, J. D., Condorti, K., & Doan, B. -T. (1997). Borderline personality disorder features in nonclinical young adults: 2. Two-year outcome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 307-314.
Trull, T. J., Widiger, T. A., Lynam, D. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Borderline personality disorder from the perspective of general personality functioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 193-202.
Velting, D. M. (1999). Suicidal ideation and the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 943-952.
Widiger, T. A. (2005). A temperament model of borderline personality disorder. In M. C. Zanarini (Ed.), Borderline Personality Disorder (pp. 63-82). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Widiger, T. A. & Frances, A. J. (2002). Toward a dimensional model for the personality disorders. In P. T. Costa & T. A. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed.) (pp. 23-44). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Widiger, T. A. & Simonsen, E. (2006). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: Finding a common ground. In T. A. Widiger, E. Simonsen, P. J. Sirovatka, & D. A. Regier (Eds.), Dimensional Models of Personality Disorders: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V (pp.1-22). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
Widiger, T. A. & Trull, T. J. (2007). Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model. American Psychologist, 62, 71-83.
Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J., Clarkin, J. F., Sanderson, C., & Costa, P. T. (2002). A description of the DSM-IV personality disorder with the five-factor model of personality. In P. T. Costa & T. A. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed.) (pp. 89-99). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Zanarini, M. C. (2003). Zanarini Rating Scale For Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD): A continuous measure of DSM-IV borderline psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 233-242.
Zanarini, M. C. (2005a). The subsyndromal phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. In M. C. Zanarini (Ed.), Borderline Personality Disorder (pp. 19-40). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Zanarini, M. C. (2005b). The symptomatic course of borderline personality disorder. In M. C. Zanarini (Ed.), Borderline Personality Disorder (pp. 167-180). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., & Chelminski, I. (2005). The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1911-1918.