隨著全球化的趨勢和顧客日益嚴苛的要求，許多國際大廠透過企業虛擬整合的方式，將部份甚至全部的設計、研發、製造、運籌等功能委外，以降低成本，並得以多樣化的產品與服務行銷全球。透過協同設計(collaborative design)以建立互動之設計鏈，乃是更經濟快速開發出創新產品的有效方式。產品生命週期管理系統(PLM)是一個整合協同設計流程資訊的良好工具，企業透過PLM系統提前取得設計資訊，使工作能進行重疊而縮短產品開發的時間。然而為了找出流程適合的協同設計方式及具有關鍵協同改善效益的工作，管理者需要一個系統化的分析方法作為建置協同設計流程的輔助工具。
　　
　　本研究提出兩個模式，第一個模式是以二維二元的設計架構矩陣，來表示工作的關係，以協助企業尋找各種流程型態與工作關係適合的PLM解決方案。第二個模式是以二維二元矩陣為基礎，以一個演算法來計算在理想協同狀況下各工作期望可節省之時間績效。本研究將兩模式應用至一家資訊廠商的產品開發流程中以解釋兩模式的應用方式，並提出流程協同改善的建議，最後描述個案公司如何應用PLM系統提升產品研發流程協同程度的作法。
　　
　　個案研究發現二維二元的矩陣適用於局部流程的分析改善，並且透過進行協同時間效益分析模式參數的敏感度分析，則可以進一步找出整個流程的協同改善特性。本研究所提出之模式可以為分析協同設計流程的有用工具，用來進行協同設計流程的最佳化。

　In response to the trend of globalization and the increasingly critical requests from customers, many international companies outsource functions of the design, research, manufacturing and many others to decrease their cost through virtual integration. Collaborative design is an effective and efficient way to develop innovative new products by establishing the interactive design chain. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system is a good solution to integrate distributed product development information through the design chain. Through the PLM system, companies can decrease the development time of the design chain by early involvement or overlapping. To find out appropriate collaborative way and critical overlapping tasks, managers need a tool to analyze and to change the processes of the design chain.
　
　This thesis presents two models. The first model is based on a two dimension Design Structure Matrix (DSM) representation according to the relationships of works and patterns of processes. Using this model can identify the use of PLM solution for design chain improvement. The second model is to compute the expected time of conserving under ideal collaboration circumstances. Both models are applied to a case company to illustrate their feasibility. Suggestions are proposed to improve the collaborative design process through the use of PLM solution.

　From the case study it is also found out that models are suitable for performing sensitivity analysis and can further analysis the characteristics of the process. The two model can be used together to optimize the collaborative design process.

一、中文部份：
1. 巫宗融譯，2000，新產品完全開發手冊，台北：遠流。譯自Robert G. Cooper。
2. 張書文、戴華亭編譯，2002，產品設計與開發，台北：麥格羅希爾。譯自Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger。
3. 潘昭賢、葉瑞徽譯，2002，作業研究，台北：麥格羅希爾。譯自Frederick S. Hiller and Gerald J. Lieberman。
4. 王偉宇，「協同設計與工作流程之探討」，台灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文，民國92年。
5. 曾文駒，「應用代理人技術開發協同設計工作流程管理系統」，清華大學工業工程與工程管理研究所碩士論文，民國93年。
6. 陳俊伊，「同步工程應用於新產品開發專案工作協調之研究」，台北科技大學生產系統工程與管理研究所碩士論文，民國91年。
二、英文部份：
1. Ahmadi, R., Roemer, T. A. and Wang, R.H., 2001, “Structuring product development processes,” European Journal of Operational Research, 130, 539-558.
2. Bhuiyan, N., Gerwin, D. and Thomson, V., 2004, “Simulation of the New Product Development Process for Performance Improvement,” Management Science, 50, 12, 1690-1703.
3. Browning, T. R., 2001, “Applying the Design Structure Matrix to System Decomposition and Integration Problems: A Review and New Directions,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 48, 3, 292-306.
4. Browning, T. R. and Eppinger, S. D., 2002, “Modeling Impacts of Process Architecture on Cost and Schedule Risk in Product Development,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49, 4, 428-442.
5. Brown, S. and Eisenhardt, K., 1995, “Product development: past research, present findings, and future directions,” Academy of Management Journal, 20, 2, 343-378.
6. Chen, C. H., Ling, S. F. and Chen, W., 2003, “Project scheduling for collaborative product development using DSM,” International Journal of Project Management, 21, 291-299.
7. Chung, W. W. C., Yam, A. Y. K. and Chan, M. F. S., 2004, “Networked enterprise: A new business model for global sourcing,” International Journal of Production Economics, 87, 267-280.
8. Cronemyr, P., Rönnbäck, A. Ö. and Eppinger, S.D., 2001, “A decision support tool for predicting the impact of development process improvements,” Journal of Engineering Design, 12, 3, 177-199.
9. Dowlatshahi, S., 1998, “Implementing early supplier involvement: a conceptual framework,” International Journal of Operations & Product Management, 18, 2, 143-167.
10. Dowlatshahi, S., 2000, “Designer-buyer-supplier interface: Theory versus practice,” International Journal of Production Economics, 63, 111-130.
11. Eppinger, S. D., 2001, “Innovation at the Speed of Information,” Harvard Business Review, 79, 149-158.
12. Eppinger, S. D., Whitney, D. E., Smith, R. P. and Gebala, D. A., 1994, “A Model-Based Method for Organizing Tasks in Product Development,” Research in Engineering Design, 6, 1-13.
13. Hartley, J. L., Meredith, J. R., McCutcheon, D. and Kamath, R. R., 1997, “Supplier’s Contributions to Product Development: An Exploratory Study,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 44, 3, 258-267.
14. Huang, G. Q., Huang, J. and Mak, K.L., 2000, “Early Supplier Involvement in New Product Development on the Internet: Implementation Perspectives,” Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 8, 1, 40-49.
15. Huang, G. Q. and Mak, K. L., 2000, “WeBid: A web-based framework to support early supplier involvement in new product development,” Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 16, 169-179.
16. Jassawalla, A. R. and Sashittal, H. C., 1998, “An Examination of Collaboration in Hign-Technology New Product Development Processes,” The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15, 237-254.
17. Jin, J. W., Ni, Y. R., Xi, J. T., Fan F.Y., Jin Y., 2002, “Research on the application of technology-oriented rapid response manufacturing in a distributed network environment,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 129, 579-583.
18. Krishnan, V. and Ulrich, K. T., 2001, “Product Development Decisions: A Review of the Literature,” Management Science, 47, 1, 1-21.
19. Krishnan, V., Eppinger, S. D. and Whitney, D.E., 1995, “Accelerating Product Development by the Exchange of Preliminary Product Design Information,” Journal of Mechanical Design, 117, 491-498.
20. Kumar, R. and Midha, P. S., 2001, “A QFD based methodology for evaluating a company’s PDM requirements for collaborative product development,” Industrial Management & Data Systems, 101, 3, 126-131.
21. Kusiak, A., Larson, T. N. and Wang, J., 1994, “Reengineering of Design and Manufacturing Processes,” Computers and Industrial Engineering, 26, 3, 521-536.
22. Kusiak, A., Wang, J., He, D. W. and Feng, C., 1995, “A Structured Approach for Analysis of Design Processes,” IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology, 18, 3, 664-673.
23. Laseter, T. M. and Ramdas, K., 2002, “Product Types and Supplier Roles in Product Development: An Exploratory Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49, 2, 107-118.
24. Lee, D. L. and Chen, Y. M., 1996, “Integrated product and process data management,” Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, 13, 1-4.
25. Lee, S. G., Ong, K. L. and Khoo, L. P., 2004, “Control and Monitoring of Concurrent Design Tasks in a Dynamic Environment,” Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 12, 1, 59-66.
26. Loch, C. H. and Terwiesch, C., 1998, “Communication and Uncertainty in Concurrent Engineering,” Management Science, 44, 8, 1032-1048.
27. Malmström, J., Pikosz, P. and Malmqvist, J., 1999, “Complementary Roles of IDEF0 and DSM for the modeling of Information Management Processes,” Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 7, 2, 95-103.
28. McIvor, R. and Humphreys, P., 2004, “Early supplier involvement in the design process: lessons from the electronics industry,” Omega, 32, 179-199.
29. Mesihovic, S., Malmqvist, J. and Pikosz, P., 2004, “Product data management system-based support for engineering project management,” Journal of Engineering design, 15, 4, 389-403.
30. Mukhopadhyay, T. and Kekre, S., 2002, “Strategic and Operational Benefits of Electronic Integration in B2B Procurement Processes,” Management Science, 48, 10, 1301-1313.
31. Noori, R. and Lee, W. B., 2004, “Collaborative design in a networked enterprise: The case of the telecommunications Industry,” International Journal of Production Research, 42, 15, 3041-3054.
32. Novak, S. and Eppinger, S. D., 2001, “Sourcing By Design: Product Complexity and the Supply Chain,” Management Science, 47, 1, 189-204.
33. Prasad, B., 1996, Concurrent Engineering Fundamentals: Integrated Product and Process Organization, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
34. Petersen, J. K., Handfield, R.B. and Ragatz, G. L., 2003, “A Model of Supplier Integration into New Product Development,” The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 20, 284-299.
35. Primo, M. A. M. and Amundson, S. D., 2002, “An exploratory study of the effects of supplier relationships on new product development outcomes,” Journal of Operations Management, 20, 33-52.
36. Rein, G. L., 2004, “From Experience: Creating Synergy between Marketing and Research and Development,” The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21, 33-43.
37. Roemer, T. A., Ahmadi, R., 2004, “Concurrent Crashing and Overlapping in Product Development,” Operations Research, 52, 4, 606-622.
38. Rouibah, K. and Caskey, K., 2003, “A workflow system for the management of inter-company collaborative engineering processes,” Journal of Engineering Design, 13, 341-349.
39. Roy R., Potter S., 1996, “Managing engineering design in complex supply chains,” International Journal of Technology Management, 12, 4, 403-420.
40. Smith, R. P., 1997, “The Historical Roots of Concurrent Engineering Fundamentals,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 44, 1, 67-78.
41. Smith, R. P., Eppinger, S. D., 1997a, “Identifying Controlling Features of Engineering Design Iteration,” Management Science, 43, 3, 276-293.
42. Smith, R. P., Eppinger, S. D., 1997b, “A Predictive Model of Sequential Iteration in Engineering Design,” Management Science, 43, 8, 1104-1119.
43. Smith, R. P., Eppinger, S. D., 1998, “Deciding between Sequential and Concurrent Tasks in Engineering Design,” Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 6, 1, 15-24.
44. Sosa, M. E., Eppinger, S. D. and Rowles, C. M., 2003, “Identifying Modular and Integrative Systems and Their Impact on Design Team Interactions,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 125, 240-252.
45. Sosa, M. E., Eppinger, S. D. and Rowles, C. M., 2004, “The Misalignment of Product Architecture and Organizational Structure in Complex Product Development,” Management Science, 50, 12, 1674-1689.
46. Steward, D. V., 1981, “The Design Structure System: A Method for Managing the Design of Complex Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, EM78, 3, 71-74.
47. Tang, D., Zheng, L., Li, Z., Li, D. and Zhang, S., 2000, “Re-engineering of the process for concurrent engineering,” Computers and Industrial Engineering, 38, 479-491.
48. Xu, X., Liu, T., 2003, “A Web-Enabled PDM System in a Collaborative Design Environment,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 19, 4, 315-328.
49. Yassine, A., Falkenburg, D. and Chelst, K., 1999, “Engineering design management: an information structure approach,” International Journal of Production Research, 37, 13, 2957-2975.
50. Yassine, A., Joglekar N., Braha, D., Eppinger, S. and Whitney, D., 2003, “Information Hiding in Product Development: The Design Churn Effect,” Research in Engineering Design, 14, 3,131-144.
51. Yassine, A., Braha, D., 2003, “Complex Concurrent Engineering and the Design Structure Matrix Method,” Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 11, 3, 165-176.
三、網站部份：
1. Agile, http://www.agile.com
2. AsiaTEK, http://www.asiatek.com.tw/ND/index_nd.htm
3. CIMdata, http://www.cimdata.com
4. Dassault Systemes, http://www.3ds.com/home
5. IBM, http://www.ibm.com/tw/
6. PTC, http://www.ptc.com
7. UGS PLM Solutions, http://www.eds.com/