臺灣嘉南平原地下水具高砷含量之特性是國際關注的地質現象，諸多分析資料顯示砷濃度平均值為0.35 ppm，遠高於世界衛生組織（World Health Organization）所規範的飲用水標準（0.01 ppm）35倍，飲用高砷地下水有可能引發烏腳病，且已被證實是罹患皮膚癌之肇因，此外也可以與心血管及呼吸疾病有關。地下水與地層沉積物有密切的地質相關性，沉積物的化學特徵可能對地下水中砷之來源提供制約。因此本研究分析嘉南平原柳營地區之170個重溪岩芯沉積物樣本之砷濃度、礦物組成、總碳與總有機碳含量，以及利用連續萃取法分析沉積物中主要砷載體，並利用這些資料對錦湖、新生岩芯進行比對，探討嘉南平原東西向剖面之砷含量空間分布以及砷的富集機制。
本研究所分析的沉積物樣本中砷濃度平均為17.9 ppm，約為一般沉積物平均值兩倍，但可能是採樣偏差所造成之影響，主要組成礦物為石英、斜長石、綠泥石及伊來石，此外高砷樣本中多可見石膏之繞射峰。以「移動平均法」解析重溪岩芯砷濃度數據，建立10-35公尺、90-115公尺、及135-160公尺深之區間為砷富集區間。依吳琮壬（2007）的建立各岩芯之古沉積環境，指示10-35公尺、90-115公尺、及135-160公尺等砷富集區間為潟湖或沼澤等淺海相沉積環境，此類沉積條件之特點為相對封閉的環境與高有機物質含量。本研究將重溪、新生、錦湖三岩芯之砷富集帶與沉積環境相互比對，建立重溪-新生-錦湖之東西向砷富集帶變化垂直剖面。
連續萃取的結果則顯示，重溪岩芯沉積物中主要的砷寄主為吸附相（黏土礦物與鐵水合氧化物）以及與隱晶質和結晶質鐵水合氧化物共沉澱之砷，其含砷量大多可達總砷之60-80%以上。而有機碳並非做為砷的主要載體，即使深度分布上砷與有機碳看似具有相同之變化趨勢，但有機碳與砷之相關係數僅0.2248，強烈指示嘉南平原沉積物中的有機物並非砷的主要寄主。同時樣本中的石膏亦顯示樣本曾經歷過氧化環境，使沉積物中硫化鐵礦物氧化，硫形成硫酸跟與水中鈣離子結合形成石膏，鐵則於水中沉澱形成鐵水合氧化物。
鐵水合氧化物與砷之結合能力透過連續萃取與針鐵礦共沉澱實驗的結果可以得知，極少量的鐵水合氧化物即可與大量的砷進行共沉澱，以重溪岩芯沉積物為例，分析之170個樣本中最高砷者含砷244.6 ppm，僅需0.034 g之鐵水合氧化物即可與此砷含量進行共沉澱。此一結果亦能解釋礦物相分析中無法鑑定出鐵水合氧化物情形，顯示樣本中鐵水合氧化物結晶度不佳且含量低，無法透過XRD分析鑑定出來。
而砷在沉積物以及地下水中之遷移主要受控於環境的pH值以及氧化還原電位。在能夠吸附砷的礦物相中，鐵水合氧化物之吸附能力為黏土礦物之數十倍至數百倍，應為高砷沉積物之主要吸附砷來源，且鐵水合氧化物之最大砷吸附量僅在有限之pH值範圍內。若沉積物含有高吸附砷，如嘉南平原，pH值應為砷於沉積物與地下水間遷移之主控因子。
除pH值外沉積物中砷亦會因為環境之氧化還原電位改變而傾向進入沉積物或地下水中，一般狀況氧化環境之下易形成鐵水合氧化物，水中砷能與鐵水合氧化物共沉澱或被吸附而存在於沉積物之中，還原環境之下鐵水合氧化物分解，將砷釋放至地下水中。即砷進入沉積物或水中取決於流經沉積物之地下水的Eh-pH值。

A total of 170 samples collected from the Tsung-Shi sediment cores at the eastern part of the Chianan Plain in SW Taiwan were analyzed for bulk arsenic concentration, major element compositions, total carbon, and total organic carbon (TOC) contents. Twenty-four of them were also analyzed with arsenic sequential procedure (SEP) and X-ray diffraction. The results showed three arsenic enriched zones at the depth ranges of 10–35 m, 90–115 m, and 135–160 m. High arsenic concentrations of > 30 ppm all occur in thin clay-silt layers with thickness < 10 m, reflecting deposition in shallow marine environments. The variations between arsenic content and major element compositions as well as the SEP results all indicated that samples with arsenic content < 20 ppm generally contains higher proportions of adsorbed arsenic than those containing > 20 ppm arsenic. The dominance of FeOOH on arsenic budgets was more obvious in the high arsenic samples. The arsenic proportions recovered by the HCl extraction that targeted at acid volatile sulfides and Mn oxides and those from HF extraction for decomposing silicates and oxides ranked the third and fourth in contributing to bulk arsenic. The absence of a correlation between arsenic and TOC contents and the low arsenic recovered from H2O2 extraction both indicated organic matter was not a major arsenic host. Based on our results, the causes for high arsenic content in Chianan Plain groundwater were addressed.

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