臺江內海的存在為早期社會提供重要的航運功能，成為荷治時期、鄭氏時期與清領時期的主要活動範圍，不但政治、軍事與經貿中心均設立於此，亦為歷史事件與臺灣歷史發展的重要場域。1823年七月的大風雨使曾文溪主流河道改道，洪水挾帶大量泥沙流入臺江內海，加劇內海浮覆陸化的進程，使臺江內海浮覆在近兩百年內。由於氣象觀測資料時間有限，因此本研究試圖以樹輪穩定氧同位素重建臺灣西南部早期的水文氣候，並以重建的氣候序列與歷史文獻的氣候紀錄比對，試圖補足不連續的歷史紀錄，瞭解臺江內海浮覆過程的長期水文氣候變化。本研究以阿里山地區6支紅檜建立1553-2015年的穩定氧同位素序列表並重建全年與當年五月至十月的平均降雨量。穩定氧同位素重建的降雨量與災害嚴重度結果顯示，1823年並沒有特別高的降雨峰值，亦未發生特別嚴重的洪災，但1800-1835年是雨量相對豐沛的時期，也是洪災連續發生的時期。本研究結果支持1823年的大雨事件並非極端強烈的天氣事件，而是1800-1835年間的豐沛降雨量，加上曾文溪上游地質脆弱；下游河床坡度平緩，使溪流挾帶的大量泥沙於下游河道沉積，促成河道發生改變，並於1823年河川改道注入臺江內海後，帶來大量泥沙，使臺江內海於近兩百年內逐漸浮覆。

The existence of the Taijiang Inland Sea provided important shipping functions for the early society in Taiwan, and thus became the main scope of activities during the Dutch, Zheng and Qing periods. It was not only where the political, military and economic centers were established, but also where historical events happened. The heavy rainfall in July 1823 changed the mainstream of Tsengwen River, and the flooding brought a large amount of sediment into the Taijiang Inland Sea, exacerbating the process of degradation. Due to the limited time span of meteorological observations, we aimed to reconstruct the past hydrological climate in southwestern Taiwan with tree-ring stable oxygen isotopes, and compared the reconstructed climate chronology with the climate records of historical documents, trying to supplement the qualitative historical records. Here, a 1553-2015 stable oxygen isotope chronology based on six Chamaecyparis formosensis from the Alishan was presented, and was adopted to reconstruct the annual precipitation and the average precipitation from May to October. Precipitation reconstruction and disaster severity index showed that there were no rainfall peaks or severe flooding in 1823, but 1800-1835 was a period with abundant rainfall and continuous flooding. Our results supported that the degradation of the Taijiang Inland Sea was not only because of the heavy rainfall event in 1823, but the abundant rainfall from 1800 to 1835, coupled with the fragile geology of the upstream of the Tsengwen River, the gentle slope of the downstream, and a large amount of sediment in the mainstream flew to downstream. Thus, sedimentation in the downstream caused river channel of the Tsengwen River diverted into the Taijiang Inland Sea in 1823, and made the Taijiang Inland Sea degradation in nearly two hundred years.

Biondi F, Waikul K (2004) DENDROCLIM2002: A C++ program for statistical calibration of climate signals in tree-ring chronologies. Computers & Geosciences 30:303-311.
Brendel O, Iannetta P, Stewart D (2000) A Rapid and Simple Method to Isolate Pure Alpha-Cellulose. Phytochemical Analysis 11:7-10.
Brienen RJ, Helle G, Pons TL, Guyot J-L, Gloor M (2012a) Oxygen isotopes in tree rings are a good proxy for Amazon precipitation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109:16957-16962.
Brienen RJ, Helle G, Pons TL, Guyot JL, Gloor M (2012b) Oxygen isotopes in tree rings are a good proxy for Amazon precipitation and El Nino-Southern Oscillation variability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:16957-16962.
Bunn A, Korpela M (2015) An introduction to dplR.
Bunn A, Korpela M (2016) Crossdating in dplR.
Bunn A, Korpela M (2018a) Chronology Building in dplR.
Bunn A, Korpela M (2018b) Time Series Analysis in dplR. Processed with dplR 1.
Bunn A, Korpela M, Biondi F, Campelo F, Mérian P, Qeadan F, Zang C (2012) dplR: dendrochronology program library in R. R package version 1.
Bunn A, Korpela M, Biondi F, Campelo F, Mérian P, Qeadan F, Zang C, Buras A, Cecile J, Mudelsee M (2018) Package ‘dplR’.
Bunn AG (2008) A dendrochronology program library in R (dplR). Dendrochronologia 26:115-124.
Bunn AG (2010) Statistical and visual crossdating in R using the dplR library. Dendrochronologia 28:251-258.
Cai Q, Liu Y, Duan B, Li Q, Sun C, Wang L (2018) Tree-ring δ 18 O, a tool to crack the paleo-hydroclimatic code in subtropical China. Quaternary International 487:3-11.
Chen JX, Li TG, Nan QY, Shi XF, Liu YG, Jiang B, Zou JJ, Selvaraj K, Li DL, Li CS (2019) Mid-late Holocene rainfall variation in Taiwan: A high-resolution multi proxy record unravels the dual influence of the Asian monsoon and ENSO. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 516:139-151.
Cook E, Holmes R (1984) Program ARSTAN users manual. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson:15.
Cook ER, Anchukaitis KJ, Buckley BM, D’Arrigo RD, Jacoby GC, Wright WE (2010) Asian monsoon failure and megadrought during the last millennium. Science 328:486-489.
Cook ER, Briffa K, Shiyatov S, Mazepa V (1990) Tree-ring standardization and growth-trend estimation. Methods of dendrochronology: applications in the environmental sciences:104-123.
Cook ER, Briffa KR, Jones PD (1994) Spatial regression methods in dendroclimatology: A review and comparison of two techniques. International journal of climatology 14:379-402.
Cook ER, Kairiukstis LA (2013) Methods of dendrochronology: applications in the environmental sciences. Springer Science & Business Media.
Cook ER, Krusic PJ, Jones PD (2003) Dendroclimatic signals in long tree‐ring chronologies from the Himalayas of Nepal. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 23:707-732.
Dansgaard W (1964) Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus 16:436-468.
Douglass AE (1941) Crossdating in dendrochronology. Journal of Forestry 39:825-831.
Esper J, Niederer R, Bebi P, Frank D (2008) Climate signal age effects—evidence from young and old trees in the Swiss Engadin. Forest Ecology and Management 255:3783-3789.
Fritts H (2012) Tree rings and climate. Elsevier.
Gagen M, McCarroll D, Edouard J-L (2006) Combining ring width, density and stable carbon isotope proxies to enhance the climate signal in tree-rings: an example from the southern French Alps. Climatic Change 78:363-379.
Galewsky J, Stark CP, Dadson S, Wu CC, Sobel AH, Horng MJ (2006) Tropical cyclone triggering of sediment discharge in Taiwan. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface 111:n/a-n/a.
Gessler A, Ferrio JP, Hommel R, Treydte K, Werner RA, Monson RK (2014) Stable isotopes in tree rings: towards a mechanistic understanding of isotope fractionation and mixing processes from the leaves to the wood. Tree Physiol 34:796-818.
González de Andrés E, Camarero JJ, Blanco JA, Imbert JB, Lo Y-H, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Castillo FJ (2018) Tree-to-tree competition in mixed European beech–Scots pine forests has different impacts on growth and water-use efficiency depending on site conditions. Journal of Ecology 106:59-75.
Grissino-Mayer HD (2001) Evaluating crossdating accuracy: a manual and tutorial for the computer program COFECHA.
Guiot J (1991) The Bootstrapped Response Function. Tree-Ring Bulletin 51:39-41.
Hernandez M, Ummenhofer CC, Anchukaitis KJ (2015) Multi-scale drought and ocean-atmosphere variability in monsoon Asia. Environmental Research Letters 10.
Holmes RL (1983) Computer-Assisted Quality Control in Tree-Ring Dating and Measurement.
Kagawa A, Nakatsuka T The Teflon-Container Method for Extracting Alpha-Cellulose Directly From Tree-Ring Laths. in Second American Dendrochronology Conference, Tucson, Arizona.
Kagawa A, Sano M, Nakatsuka T, Ikeda T, Kubo S (2015) An optimized method for stable isotope analysis of tree rings by extracting cellulose directly from cross-sectional laths. Chemical Geology 393-394:16-25.
Kern Z, Patkó M, Kázmér M, Fekete J, Kele S, Pályi Z (2013) Multiple tree-ring proxies (earlywood width, latewood width and δ13C) from pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), Hungary. Quaternary International 293:257-267.
Kuo Y-C, Lee M-A, Lu M-M (2016) Association of Taiwan’s Rainfall Patterns with Large-Scale Oceanic and Atmospheric Phenomena. Advances in Meteorology 2016:1-11.
Li CF, Zeleny D, Chytry M, Chen MY, Chen TY, Chiou CR, Hsia YJ, Liu HY, Yang SZ, Yeh CL, Wang JC, Yu CF, Lai YJ, Guo K, Hsieh CF (2015) Chamaecyparis montane cloud forest in Taiwan: ecology and vegetation classification. Ecological Research 30:771-791.
Li Z-H, Labbé N, Driese SG, Grissino-Mayer HD (2011) Micro-scale analysis of tree-ring δ18O and δ13C on α-cellulose spline reveals high-resolution intra-annual climate variability and tropical cyclone activity. Chemical Geology 284:138-147.
Lin K-HE, Wang PK, Lin Y-S, Wan C-W, Hsu C-T (2019) Experiments on the reconstruction methods and calibration of the climate series derived from REACHES historical database of China in 1644-1911. European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2019, Vienna.
Lipp J, Trimborn P, Fritz P, Moser H, Becker B, Frenzel B (1991) Stable isotopes in tree ring cellulose and climatic change. Tellus B 43:322-330.
Liu Y, Cobb KM, Song H, Li Q, Li C-Y, Nakatsuka T, An Z, Zhou W, Cai Q, Li J, Leavitt SW, Sun C, Mei R, Shen C-C, Chan M-H, Sun J, Yan L, Lei Y, Ma Y, Li X, Chen D, Linderholm HW (2017) Recent enhancement of central Pacific El Niño variability relative to last eight centuries. Nature Communications 8:15386.
Liu Y, Li C-Y, Sun C, Song H, Li Q, Cai Q, Liu R (2019) Temperature variation at the low-latitude regions of East Asia recorded by tree rings during the past six centuries. International Journal of Climatology n/a.
Liu Y, Wang R, Leavitt SW, Song H, Linderholm HW, Li Q, An Z (2012) Individual and pooled tree-ring stable-carbon isotope series in Chinese pine from the Nan Wutai region, China: common signal and climate relationships. Chemical Geology 330:17-26.
Loader N, Robertson I, Barker A, Switsur V, Waterhouse J (1997) An improved technique for the batch processing of small wholewood samples to α-cellulose. Chemical Geology 136:313-317.
Loader NJ, Mccarroll D, Miles D, Young GHF, Davies D, Ramsey CB (2019) Tree ring dating using oxygen isotopes: a master chronology for central England. Journal of Quaternary Science 34:475-490.
McCarroll D, Loader NJ (2004) Stable isotopes in tree rings. Quaternary Science Reviews 23:771-801.
Peng TR, Wang CH, Huang CC, Fei LY, Chen CTA, Hwong JL (2010) Stable isotopic characteristic of Taiwan's precipitation: A case study of western Pacific monsoon region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 289:357-366.
Politis DN, Romano JP (1994) The stationary bootstrap. Journal of the American Statistical association 89:1303-1313.
Rinne K, Loader NJ, Switsur VR, Waterhouse JS (2013) 400-year May–August precipitation reconstruction for Southern England using oxygen isotopes in tree rings. Quaternary Science Reviews 60:13-25.
Saha K (2010) Monsoon over Eastern Asia (Including China, Japan, and Korea) and Adjoining Western Pacific Ocean. Tropical Circulation Systems and Monsoons, pp. 123-153.
Sano M, Ramesh R, Sheshshayee M, Sukumar R (2012a) Increasing aridity over the past 223 years in the Nepal Himalaya inferred from a tree-ring δ18O chronology. The Holocene 22:809-817.
Sano M, Xu C, Nakatsuka T (2012b) A 300-year Vietnam hydroclimate and ENSO variability record reconstructed from tree ringδ18O. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117:n/a-n/a.
Shi H, Wang B, Cook ER, Liu J, Liu F (2018) Asian Summer Precipitation over the Past 544 Years Reconstructed by Merging Tree Rings and Historical Documentary Records. Journal of Climate 31:7845-7861.
Speer JH (2010) Fundamentals of tree-ring research. University of Arizona Press.
Stokes MA, Smiley TL (1996) An Introduction to Tree-ring Dating. University of Arizona Press.
Taiwan ECotFo (1994) Flora of Taiwan. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Taipei.
Wang PK, Lin K-HE, Liao Y-C, Liao H-M, Lin Y-S, Hsu C-T, Hsu S-M, Wan C-W, Lee S-Y, Fan IC, Tan P-H, Ting T-T (2018) Construction of the REACHES climate database based on historical documents of China. Scientific Data, p. 180288.
Xu C, Sano M, Nakatsuka T (2013) A 400-year record of hydroclimate variability and local ENSO history in northern Southeast Asia inferred from tree-ring δ18O. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 386:588-598.
Xu C, Zheng H, Nakatsuka T, Sano M, Li Z, Ge J (2016) Inter-and intra-annual tree-ring cellulose oxygen isotope variability in response to precipitation in Southeast China. Trees 30:785-794.
Xu CX, Sano M, Dimri AP, Ramesh R, Nakatsuka T, Shi F, Guo ZT (2018) Decreasing Indian summer monsoon on the northern Indian sub-continent during the last 180 years: evidence from five tree-ring cellulose oxygen isotope chronologies. Climate of the Past 14:653-664.
Xu D, Lu H, Chu G, Liu L, Shen C, Li F, Wang C, Wu N (2019) Synchronous 500-year oscillations of monsoon climate and human activity in Northeast Asia. Nat Commun 10:4105.
Zang C, Biondi F (2015) treeclim: an R package for the numerical calibration of proxy-climate relationships. Ecography 38:431-436.
Zang C, Biondi F, Zang MC (2019) Package ‘treeclim’.
Zang C, Zang MC (2018) Package ‘bootRes’.
Zhang DC, T. (2010) Chamaecyparis formosensis. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32333A2815341.en.
王思皓 (2013) 應用合歡山冷杉樹輪穩定氧同位素重建台灣高山232年氣候, 臺灣大學.
吳建昇 (2010) 道光三年以前台江內海及周圍地區歷史變遷之研究, 國立成功大學, 台南.
林宗儀 (2010) 臺灣西南海岸300年來的變遷. 地質 29:34-37.
林宗儀, 羅毓芳, 洪敬媛 台灣西南部海岸沙洲島地形變遷. 國立成功大學, pp. 433-438.
林冠慧, 許景慈, 王寳貫, 許世旻, 林淯暄, 汪志偉, 曾琬鈴, 吳宛真, 潘威 (2019) 從清朝文獻紀錄重建颱風序列與時空特徵. 地理學報 93:81-107.
姚瑩 (1957) 東槎紀略. 臺灣銀行經濟研究室, 臺北市.
柳榗 (1971) 臺灣植物群落之分類 (Ⅱ): 臺灣高山寒原及針葉樹林群系. 臺灣省林業試驗所報告.
洪致文, 許晃雄, 李衍民 台灣降雨的氣候特徵.
徐泓 (1986) 清代台灣天然災害史料彙編.
翁叔平, 楊承道 (2012) 台灣地區月降雨及溫度1公里網格資料庫之建立(1960-2009)及其在近未來(2015-2039)的氣候推估應用. 大氣科學:349-370.
翁叔平, 楊承道 (2018) 臺灣地區日降雨網格化資料庫(1960~2015)之建置與驗證. 台灣水利 66:33-52.
康培德 (2009) 荷蘭時代臺灣各港之間的貿易變遷. 中央研究院臺灣史研究所, pp. 15-39.
張琇慧 (2000) 台灣北部昆欄樹樹輪對氣候因子之反映, 國立臺灣大學, 台北市.
張瑞津, 石再添, 陳翰霖 (1996) 台灣西南部台南海岸平原地形變遷之研究. 國立台灣師範大學地理學系, 地理研究報告:19.
張瑞津, 石再添, 陳翰霖 (1997) 臺灣西南部嘉南平原的河道變遷研究. 師大地理研究報告 27:105-132.
張瑞津, 石再添, 陳翰霖 (1998) 臺灣西南部嘉南平原的海岸變遷研究. 師大地理研究報告 28:83-106.
張德二 (2013) 中國三千年氣象記錄總集. 鳳凰出版社, 南京.
陳信豪 (2015) 利用樹輪穩定氧同位素重建台灣霧林帶歷史氣候變異, 成功大學.
陳姿彤 (2011) 以臺灣中部雲杉樹輪重建三百年古氣候：利用傳統樹輪及總體經驗模態分解法, 臺灣大學.
陳翰霖 (1999) 十七世紀以來臺灣西南海岸平原主要河流之河道變遷研究, 中國文化大學.
陳翰霖, 張瑞津 (2003) 曾文水庫對流量及輸沙量的影響. 師大地理研究報告 39.
陳翰霖, 張瑞津 (2010) 台江內海陸化過程與人文活動的關係. 地質 29:38-42.
曾品滄 (2012) 塭與塘：清代臺灣養殖漁業發展的比較分析. 臺灣史研究 19:1-47.
馮豐隆, 詹明勳 (2006) 年輪學應用於森林與環境的關係. 林業研究季刊 27:37-50.
黃富三 (2009) 淡水河水運與關渡之興衰. pp. 83-144.
楊曉君 (2013) 倒風內海區域的開發與變遷, 國 立 臺南 大 學.
詹明勳, 王亞男, 葉永廉 (2005) 台灣中部塔塔加地區台灣雲杉樹輪氣候學研究過去245年氣溫與降雨量趨勢. 中華林學季刊 38:67-82.
鄒佩珊 (1998) 台灣山區近五百年的氣候變化：樹輪寬度的證據, 國立臺灣大學.
廖泫铭, 范毅军 (2013) 中华文明时空基础架构: 历史学与信息化结合的设计理念及技术应用. 科研信息化技术与应用: 中英文 3:17-27.
臺灣氣候變遷推估資訊與調適知識平台計畫 (2019) 歷史觀測網格資料說明文件.
臺灣植物紅皮書編輯委員會 (2017) 2017 臺灣維管束植物紅皮書名錄. 行政院農業委員會特有生物研究保育中心、行政院農業委員會林務局、臺灣植物分類學會, 南投.
蔣麗雪 (2011) 臺灣中部威氏帝杉樹輪寬變化與當地氣候及中太平洋海面溫度之關係, 臺灣大學.
賴志彰, 魏德文 (2018) 臺南四百年古地圖集. 台南市政府文化局、南天書局, 台南市.