靈性在健康照護中的重要性日益被覺察。隨著這樣的趨勢，職能治療在靈性照護中的角色也受到了大量的關注。然而在台灣的職能治療領域中，有關靈性的議題仍較少被探究。為了彌補此落差，本研究旨在探究台灣職能治療從業者對靈性照護的觀點。
本研究對461名有執業登記的台灣職能治療師/生進行網路調查。參與者填寫人口學特徵調查、靈性健康量表（短版）(SSH-short)、靈性職能參與量表 (SSOP) 以及靈性照護觀點調查 (SSCP)。在資料收集之前對SSH-short和SSOP進行了信效度驗證。資料分析使用SPSS 26.0版，包含克隆巴赫係數、探索性因素分析、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森相關係數、階層及逐步回歸分析等。
結果顯示，SSH-short和SSOP具備良好信效度。參與者普遍對於將靈性照護納入臨床實務抱持正向態度。在非醫療機構中執業、具有6-20年年資、以及碩士畢業的參與者，在靈性照護（主觀）知識程度、態度、主觀技能程度和自覺處理頻率上有顯著較高分數 (p < .05)。在臨床實務中執行靈性照護的障礙包含：治療師向個案提及靈性議題的擔憂、個案向治療師揭露自身靈性需求的意願、以及管理靈性照護實務以符合家屬需求和健保政策限制的不確定性。
主觀靈性照護技能、透過個人進修/學習或臨床經驗學習技能、對靈性照護訓練及經驗之重視、以及對「不確定如何辨識個案有靈性需求」的擔憂，是靈性照護態度 (∆R2 = .271, p < .001) 及處理頻率 (∆R2 = .441, p < .001) 的重要預測因子。SSOP與SSH-short項目之間存在顯著相關 (r = .188- .436, ps < .001)，參與者於部分靈性職能的參與頻率可解釋其靈性健康分數總變異的16.7%。
總結而言，針對靈性議題和靈性照護的專業教育，與職能治療師對於在臨床實務中提供靈性照護的態度有關。制定針對靈性照護的具體指南，對克服治療師所面對的實務障礙至關重要，並可增加其在處理個案靈性需求上的信心。

There has been a growing recognition of the significance of spirituality in the context of healthcare. In line with this trend, there has been a notable surge in attention directed towards the role of occupational therapy in delivering comprehensive spiritual care. Nevertheless, it is evident that in Taiwan, the topic of spiritual care within the realm of occupational therapy remains relatively underexplored. To address this gap, the present study aims to examine the perspectives of occupational therapists in Taiwan regarding spiritual care.
This study conducted an online survey on 461 licensed occupational in Taiwan. Participants completed the demographic data, the Scale of Spiritual Health (short version)(SSH-short), the Scale of Spiritual Occupation Participation (SSOP), and the Survey of Spiritual Care Perspectives (SSCP). The SSH and SSOP were validated before data collection process. Data were analyzed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, hierarchical and stepwise regression analysis using SPSS 26.0.
The results revealed that SSH-short and SSOP demonstrated good reliability and validity. The participants generally held positive attitudes towards integrating spiritual care into clinical practice. The scores of (subjective) knowledge level, attitude, subjective skills level, and self-reported frequency of providing spiritual care were significantly higher (p < .05) among participants in non-medical institutions, with 6-20 years of cooking experience, and those educated above the graduate level. The barriers to implementing spiritual care in clinical practice include therapists’ concerns about mentioning spiritual issues with clients, client’s willingness in disclosing their own spiritual needs to therapists, and the uncertainty of spiritual care management to meet family needs and the time/space constraints of National Health Insurance policies in service delivery. The results showed that self-reported spiritual care skills, self-learning through personal advanced learning and clinical experience, emphasis on training and experience related to spiritual care, and concern about uncertainty in recognizing clients’ spiritual needs were significant predictors of the attitudes (∆R2 = .271, p < .001) and implementation (∆R2 = .441, p < .001) toward spiritual care. Significant correlations (r = .188 - .436, p < .001) were found between the items of the SSOP and the SSH-short. The participants’ engagement in certain spiritual occupations can explain 16.7% of the total variance in their spiritual health scores.
It is concluded that professional education in spiritual issues and spiritual care is related to the attitude of occupational therapists in providing spiritual care in clinical settings. Explicit guidelines for therapists to provide spiritual care are important to help therapists overcome the barriers and may increase their confidence in addressing the spiritual needs of their clients.

杜明勳（2003）。談靈性。護理雜誌，50(1)，81-85。https://doi.org/10.6224/JN.50.1.81
~Tu, M.S. (2003). Spirituality. Hu li za zhi The journal of nursing, 50(1), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.6224/JN.50.1.81

紀彣宙、黃上育、劉昌誠（2023）。2023職能治療人力報告〔未出版之手稿〕。財團法人中華民國職能治療師公會全國聯合會＆台灣職能治療學會。

蔣宜倩、江惠英、李香君、韓晶彥、蕭雅竹（2014）。靈性照護態度量表建構與信效度檢定。護理暨健康照護研究，10(2)，102-112。https://doi.org/10.6225/JNHR.10.2.102
~Chiang, Y.C., Chiang, H.Y., Lee, H.C., Han, C.Y., Hsiao, Y.C. (2014). The Construction and Evaluation of a Spiritual Care Attitude Scale. Journal of Nursing and Healthcare Research, 10(2), 102-112.

韓桂香（2018）。精神科護理人員人格特質、靈性照護態度與靈性照護能力相關性探討〔碩士論文，義守大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh1?DocID=U0074-2401201817232800
~Han, K.H. (2018). Personality traits, spiritual care attitudes, and spiritual care competency in psychiatric nurses. [Master’s thesis, The I-SHOU University]. Airiti Library. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh1?DocID=U0074-2401201817232800

蕭雅竹、黃松元（2005）。靈性健康量表之建構及信、效度考驗－以護理學生為題。實證護理，1(3)，218-227。https://doi.org/10.6225/JEBN.1.3.218
~Hsiao, Y.C. & Huang, S.Y. (2005). Constructing and Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of a Scale to Assess Spiritual Health: A Nursing Student Sample. Journal of Evidence-Based Nursing, 1(3), 218-227.

顧雅利、陳昱穎（2016）。統整回顧2010-2015台灣護理靈性照護的文獻。安寧療護雜誌，21(2)，196-205。https://doi.org/10.6537/TJHPC.2016.21(2).6
~Ku, Y.L. & Chen, Y.Y. (2016). Integrative Review of 2010-2015 Taiwan Literature on Spiritual Care in Nursing. Taiwan Journal of Hospice Palliative Care, 21(2), 196-205.

衛生福利部統計處（2022）。機構執業醫事人員數【原始數據】。取自https://www.mohw.gov.tw/dl-73291-c9f551df-f78a-41ab-a554-addf890c8369.html

Agli, O., Bailly, N., & Ferrand, C. (2015). Spirituality and religion in older adults with dementia: a systematic review. International psychogeriatrics, 27(5), 715–725. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214001665

Almaraz, D., Saiz, J., Moreno Martín, F., Sánchez-Iglesias, I., Molina, A. J., & Goldsby, T. L. (2022). What Aspects of Religion and Spirituality Affect the Physical Health of Cancer Patients? A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 10(8), 1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081447

American Occupational Therapy Association. (2002). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 609–639. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.56.6.609

American Occupational Therapy Association. (2008). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (2nd ed.). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 625–683. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.62.6.625

American Occupational Therapy Association. (2014). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (3rd ed.). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(Suppl. 1), S1–S48. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.682006.

American Occupational Therapy Association. (2020). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (4th ed.). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74, 7412410010. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.74S2001

Babaei, M., Rafiey, H., Karbalaee-Nouri, A., Rassafiani, M., Haghgoo, H., & Biglarian, A. (2023). Spirituality as a Neglected Core in Occupational Therapy Practice: An Iranian Exploratory Survey. Journal of religion and health, 62(2), 1207-1222.

Balboni, T. A., VanderWeele, T. J., Doan-Soares, S. D., Long, K. N. G., Ferrell, B. R., Fitchett, G., Koenig, H. G., Bain, P. A., Puchalski, C., Steinhauser, K. E., Sulmasy, D. P., & Koh, H. K. (2022). Spirituality in Serious Illness and Health. JAMA, 328(2), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.11086

Barton, G. E. (1920). What occupational therapy may mean to nursing. Trained Nurse and Hospital Review, 64, 304–310.

Beagan, B., & Kumas-Tan, Z. (2005). Witnessing Spirituality in Practice. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/030802260506800104

Beerbower, E., Winters, D., & Kondrat, D. (2018). Bio-psycho-social-spiritual needs of adolescents and young adults with life-threatening illnesses: Implications for social work practice. Social work in health care, 57(4), 250–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2018.1430091

Belcham, C. (2004). Spirituality in Occupational Therapy: Theory in Practice? British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/030802260406700106

Billock, C. (2005). Delving into the center: Women's lived experience of spirituality through occupation. University of Southern California.

Borges, C. C., Dos Santos, P. R., Alves, P. M., Borges, R. C. M., Lucchetti, G., Barbosa, M. A., Porto, C. C., & Fernandes, M. R. (2021). Association between spirituality/religiousness and quality of life among healthy adults: a systematic review. Health and quality of life outcomes, 19(1), 246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01878-7

Bray, K. E., Egan, M. Y., & Beagan, B. L. (2012). The practice experience of evangelical Christian occupational therapists. Canadian journal of occupational therapy. Revue canadienne d'ergotherapie, 79(5), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.2182/CJOT.2012.79.5.4

Burlacu, A., Artene, B., Nistor, I., Buju, S., Jugrin, D., Mavrichi, I., & Covic, A. (2019). Religiosity, spirituality and quality of life of dialysis patients: a systematic review. International urology and nephrology, 51(5), 839–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02129-x

Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. (1991). Occupational Therapy Guidelines for client-centered practices. Toronto, ON: CAOT Publications ACE.

Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. (1997). Enabling occupation: An occupational therapy perspective. Ottawa, ON: CAOT Publications ACE.

Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, & Townsend, E. (2002). Enabling occupation: An occupational therapy perspective. Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Coelho-Júnior, H. J., Calvani, R., Panza, F., Allegri, R. F., Picca, A., Marzetti, E., & Alves, V. P. (2022). Religiosity/Spirituality and Mental Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Frontiers in medicine, 9, 877213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.877213

Cohen, A. B., & Hill, P. C. (2007). Religion as culture: Religious individualism and collectivism among American Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. Journal of Personality, 75(4), 709–742. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00454.x

Collins, J. S., Paul, S., & West-Frasier, J. (2002). The utilization of spirituality in occupational therapy: beliefs, practices, and perceived barriers. Occupational therapy in health care, 14(3-4), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/J003v14n03_05

Csontó, S. (2009). Occupational therapy students' consideration of clients' spirituality in practice placement education. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(10), 442-449.

de Diego-Cordero, R., Martos-Lorite, I., & Vega-Escaño, J. (2022). Spiritual Dimension in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Mapping Review. Journal of religion and health, 1–19. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01683-6

Dossey, B. M., & Guzzetta, C. E. (1994). Implications for bio-psycho-social-spiritual concerns in cardiovascular nursing. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing, 8(4), 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005082-199407000-00007

Egan, M., & Swedersky, J. (2003). Spirituality as experienced by occupational therapists in practice. The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 57(5), 525–533. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.57.5.525

Elhag, M., Awaisu, A., Koenig, H. G., & Mohamed Ibrahim, M. I. (2022). The Association Between Religiosity, Spirituality, and Medication Adherence Among Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of religion and health, 61(5), 3988–4027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01525-5

Engquist, D. E., Short-DeGraff, M., Gliner, J., & Oltjenbruns, K. (1997). Occupational therapists' beliefs and practices with regard to spirituality and therapy. The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 51(3), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.51.3.173

Fang, Y. C. (2015). Can Spirituality be Taught? Journal of Education of University of Taipei, (51), 1-26.

Farrar, J. E. (2001). Addressing spirituality and religious life in occupational therapy practice. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 18(4), 65-85.

Ferreira-Valente, A., Sharma, S., Torres, S., Smothers, Z., Pais-Ribeiro, J., Abbott, J. H., & Jensen, M. P. (2022). Does Religiosity/Spirituality Play a Role in Function, Pain-Related Beliefs, and Coping in Patients with Chronic Pain? A Systematic Review. Journal of religion and health, 61(3), 2331–2385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00914-7

Fisher, J. W., Francis, L. J., & Johnson, P. (2000). Assessing spiritual health via four domains of spiritual wellbeing: The SH4DI. Pastoral psychology, 49(2), 133-145.

Griffith, J., Caron, C. D., Desrosiers, J., & Thibeault, R. (2007). Defining spirituality and giving meaning to occupation: the perspective of community-dwelling older adults with autonomy loss. Canadian journal of occupational therapy. Revue canadienne d'ergotherapie, 74(2), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.2182/cjot.06.0016

Hardy, S. A., Nelson, J. M., Moore, J. P., & King, P. E. (2019). Processes of Religious and Spiritual Influence in Adolescence: A Systematic Review of 30 Years of Research. Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 29(2), 254–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12486

Hasselkus, B. R. (2011). The meaning of everyday occupation. Slack Incorporated.

Hemphill, B. (2015). Spiritual assessments in occupational therapy. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 3(3), 9.

Horsburgh, M. (1997). Towards an inclusive spirituality: Wholeness, interdependence and waiting. Disability and Rehabilitation, 19(10), 398-406.

Hosseini, S., Chaurasia, A., & Oremus, M. (2019). The effect of religion and spirituality on cognitive function: a systematic review. The Gerontologist, 59(2), e76-e85.

Hoyland, M., & Mayers, C. (2005). Is Meeting Spiritual Need within the Occupational Therapy Domain? British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(4), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/030802260506800406

Hughson, T. A., & Wood, B. E. (2022). The OECD Learning Compass 2030 and the future of disciplinary learning: a Bernsteinian critique. Journal of Education Policy, 37(4), 634-654.

Humbert, T. K. (Ed.). (2016). Spirituality and occupational therapy: A model for practice and research. AOTA Press, The American Occupational Therapy Association, Incorporated.

Kirsh, B., Dawson, D., Antolikova, S., & Reynolds, L. (2001). Developing awareness of spirituality in occupational therapy students: Are our curricula up to the task?. Occupational Therapy International, 8(2), 119-125.

Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012.

Koenig H. G. (2015). Religion, spirituality, and health: a review and update. Advances in mind-body medicine, 29(3), 19–26.

Lassiter, J. M., & Parsons, J. T. (2016). Religion and Spirituality's Influences on HIV Syndemics Among MSM: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Model. AIDS and behavior, 20(2), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1173-0

Leitao, J., Nixon, J., Noble, M., Willock, T., Watts, L., Waters, R., & Hatfield, M. (2023). Spirituality and children: Perspectives of occupational therapists working with children. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 70(2), 246-256.

Leukefeld, C. G., & Leukefeld, S. (1999). Primary socialization theory and a bio/psycho/social/spiritual practice model for substance use. Substance use & misuse, 34(7), 983–991. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826089909039390

Levers, M. J., Estabrooks, C. A., & Ross Kerr, J. C. (2006). Factors contributing to frailty: literature review. Journal of advanced nursing, 56(3), 282-291.

Louca, E., Esmailnia, S., & Thoma, N. (2022). A critical review of Maslow’s theory of spirituality. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 24(4), 327-343.

Lucchetti, G., Lucchetti, A. L., & Koenig, H. G. (2011). Impact of spirituality/religiosity on mortality: comparison with other health interventions. Explore, 7(4), 234-238.

Lun, V. M.-C., & Bond, M. H. (2013). Examining the relation of religion and spirituality to subjective well-being across national cultures. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(4), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033641

Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York, & Brovers, 241-246.

Maslow, A. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York: D Van Nostrand Company.

Maslow, A. (1971). The Farther reaches of Human Nature. New Yourk: Viking Press.

Maja Hadzic (2011). Spirituality and Mental Health: Current Research and Future Directions, Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 13(4), 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2011.616080

McColl M. A. (2011). Spirituality and occupational therapy (2nd ed.). Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Medved Kendrick H. (2017). Are religion and spirituality barriers or facilitators to treatment for HIV: a systematic review of the literature. AIDS care, 29(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1201196

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Religion. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion

Misiorek, A., & Janus, E. (2019). Spirituality in Occupational Therapy Practice According to New Graduates. OTJR : occupation, participation and health, 39(4), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1539449218808278

Moreira-Almeida, A., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Retaining the meaning of the words religiousness and spirituality: A commentary on the WHOQOL SRPB group's “A cross-cultural study of spirituality, religion, and personal beliefs as components of quality of life”(62: 6, 2005, 1486–1497). Social Science & Medicine, 63(4), 843-845.

Morris, D. N. (2013). Perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care in occupational therapy practice. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 29(1), 60-77.

Morris, D. N., Stecher, J., Briggs-Peppler, K. M., Chittenden, C. M., Rubira, J., & Wismer, L. K. (2014). Spirituality in occupational therapy: do we practice what we teach?. Journal of religion and health, 53(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9584-y

Mthembu, T. G., Ahmed, F., Nkuna, T., & Yaca, K. (2015). Occupational Therapy Students' Perceptions of Spirituality in Training. Journal of religion and health, 54(6), 2178–2197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9955-7

Mthembu, T. G., Roman, N. V., & Wegner, L. (2016). An exploratory factor analysis into the applicability of the Spirituality Care-Giving Scale, the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale and the Spirituality in Occupational Therapy Scale to the South African context. South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46(1), 74-82.

Mthembu, T. G., Wegner, L., & Roman, N. V. (2017). Barriers to integration of spirituality and spiritual care in occupational therapy education in a South African context. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 19(1), 61-79.

Mthembu, T. G., Wegner, L., & Roman, N. V. (2018-a). Educators’ and students’ needs regarding teaching and learning strategies for integrating spirituality and spiritual care in occupational therapy education. African Journal for Physical Activity and Health Sciences (AJPHES), 24(2), 127-141.

Mthembu, T. G., Wegner, L., & Roman, N. V. (2018-b). Guidelines to integrate spirituality and spiritual care in occupational therapy education: A modified Delphi study. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 34(2), 181-201.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2019). OECD future of education and skills 2030: a series of concept notes. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/teaching-and-learning/learning/learning-compass-2030/OECD_Learning_Compass_2030_Concept_Note_Series.pdf

Palmer Kelly, E., Paredes, A. Z., Tsilimigras, D. I., Hyer, J. M., & Pawlik, T. M. (2022). The role of religion and spirituality in cancer care: An umbrella review of the literature. Surgical oncology, 42, 101389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2020.05.004

Pham, L., Sarnicola, R., Villasenor, C., & Vu, T. (2022). Spirituality in Occupational Therapy Practice: Where is Our Spirituality Now?. OTJR : occupation, participation and health, 42(2), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/15394492211068216

Polatajko, H. J., Townsend, E. A., & Craik, J. (2007). Canadian model of occupational performance and engagement (CMOP-E). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision of health, well-being & justice through occupation, 23.

Puchalski, C., Ferrell, B., Virani, R., Otis-Green, S., Baird, P., Bull, J., ... & Pugliese, K. (2009). Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: the report of the Consensus Conference. Journal of palliative medicine, 12(10), 885-904.

Reynolds, N., Mrug, S., Wolfe, K., Schwebel, D., & Wallander, J. (2016). Spiritual coping, psychosocial adjustment, and physical health in youth with chronic illness: a meta-analytic review. Health psychology review, 10(2), 226–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1159142

Rose, A. (1999). Spirituality and palliative care: The attitudes of occupational therapists. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(7), 307-312.

Saad, M., de Medeiros, R., & Mosini, A. C. (2017). Are We Ready for a True Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Model? The Many Meanings of "Spiritual". Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040079

Saad, M., Daher, J. C., & de Medeiros, R. (2019). Spirituality, religiousness and physical health: Scientific evidence. Spirituality, religiousness and health: From research to clinical practice, 87-100.

Santos Carmo, B. D., de Camargos, M. G., Santos Neto, M. F. D., Paiva, B. S. R., Lucchetti, G., & Paiva, C. E. (2023). Relationship Between Religion/Spirituality and the Aggressiveness of Cancer Care: A Scoping Review. Journal of pain and symptom management, 65(5), e425–e437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.01.017

Schwalm, F. D., Zandavalli, R. B., de Castro Filho, E. D., & Lucchetti, G. (2022). Is there a relationship between spirituality/religiosity and resilience? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of health psychology, 27(5), 1218–1232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320984537

Sharon, G. (2019). Spiritual occupation . In Brown, C., Stoffel, V. C., & Munoz, J., Occupational therapy in mental health: A vision for participation. (pp. 931-940). FA Davis.

Soomar, Nazeemah, Mthembu, Thuli, & Ramugondo, Elelwani. (2018). Occupational Therapy Association of South Africa (OTASA) Position Statement: Spirituality in occupational therapy. South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48(3), 64-65. Retrieved April 11, 2021, from http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2310-38332018000300011&lng=en&tlng=en.

Speck, P. (1998). Spiritual issue in palliative care. In D. Doyle, G. W. C. Hanks, & N. MacDonald (Eds.), Oxford textbook of palliative medicine (2nd ed., pp. 805-814). Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.

Taylor, E., Mitchell, J. E., Kenan, S., & Tacker, R. (2000). Attitudes of occupational therapists toward spirituality in practice. The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 54(4), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.54.4.421

Thompson, B. E., & MacNeil, C. (2006). A phenomenological study exploring the meaning of a seminar on spirituality for occupational therapy students. The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 60(5), 531–539. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.60.5.531

Udell, L., & Chandler, C. (2000). The Role of the Occupational Therapist in Addressing the Spiritual Needs of Clients. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63(10), 489–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/030802260006301006

Wachholtz, A. B., Fitch, C. E., Makowski, S., & Tjia, J. (2016). A comprehensive approach to the patient at end of life: Assessment of multidimensional suffering. Southern medical journal, 109(4), 200.

Walton-Moss, B., Ray, E. M., & Woodruff, K. (2013). Relationship of spirituality or religion to recovery from substance abuse: a systematic review. Journal of addictions nursing, 24(4), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000001

Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807

Weber, J. M., & Doolittle, B. R. (2023). Religion, Spirituality and Improved Glycemic Control Among People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. International journal of psychiatry in medicine, 912174231176171. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174231176171

Wilding, C., May, E., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2005). Experience of spirituality, mental illness and occupation: A life-sustaining phenomenon. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 52(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.2005.00462.x

Wilding, C. (2007). Spirituality as sustenance for mental health and meaningful doing: a case illustration. Medical Journal of Australia, 186, S67-S69.

World Health Organization. (1995). Field trial WHOQOL-100 February 1995: the 100 questions with response scales (No. WHO/HIS/HSI Rev. 2012). World Health Organization.

Yonker, J. E., Schnabelrauch, C. A., & DeHaan, L. G. (2012). The relationship between spirituality and religiosity on psychological outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of adolescence, 35(2), 299-314.