腫瘤抑制蛋白WWOX或WOX1的表現在許多惡性腫瘤中常有降低的現象。Wwox外顯子(exon) 1剔除的老鼠胚胎纖維母細胞(MEF)移行能力較原生型的MEF細胞強，且其細胞呈現單獨的移動方式。正常狀況下，原生型的MEF細胞會緊密排列在一起並集體遷移。而原生型細胞與Wwox剔除細胞的生長速率並沒有顯著的差異。WOX1過度的表現會抑制乳癌細胞MDA-MB-231及 MCF-7的移行。以小干擾RNA (siRNA)或dominant-negative WOX1抑制WOX1的表現時能促進細胞移行。WOX1會與p53及TIAF1交互作用。之前我們的研究已經指出同時表現WOX1、p53及TIAF1會促使細胞凋亡。本篇研究也顯示同時表現WOX1、p53及TIAF1時能抑制細胞的移行及非貼附性生長。值得注意的是，當原生型MEF細胞與WOX1缺失的MEF細胞在移行實驗中共同培養時，雖然兩株細胞都源自於同種的老鼠，WOX1缺失的MEF細胞卻不能辨識原生型細胞。當WOX1缺失的MEF細胞突觸接觸到原生型細胞時，它會改變移動方向往反向移行。此現象顯示WOX1可能參與在細胞互動的調控。此外，當表現WOX1的細胞和不表現WOX1的細胞相遇時，此兩種細胞的移行速度均會增加。TGF-beta1和TGF-beta2能促使Wwox+/+ MEF細胞移動，但卻會抑制Wwox-/- MEF細胞的移行。總而言之，WOX1能抑制細胞的移行並可能參與在細胞間的辨識。此外，WOX1參與在TGF-beta調控的細胞移行中。而WOX1/p53/TIAF1為潛在的腫瘤抑制軸心。

Tumor suppressor WWOX or WOX1 is frequently lost in many malignant tumors. Here we demonstrated that Wwox exon 1-ablation mouse embryonic fibroblasts (Wwox-/- MEF) migrated individeually and faster than wild type Wwox+/+ cells. Normally, the wild type cells aligned together tightly and migrated collectively. The proliferation rates have no significant different between WOX1 knockout cells and wild type cells. Transiently overexpressed WOX1 suppressed the migration of breast MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Knockdown of WOX1 by small interfering RNA, or ectopic expression with dominant-negative WOX1 increased the migration. WOX1 interacts with p53 and TIAF1 (TGF-beta1-induced antiapoptotic factor). Previously we have determined that co-expression of WOX1, TIAF1, and/or p53 induces apoptosis. Here, we demonstrated that co-expression of WOX1, TIAF1, and/or p53 suppressed cancer cell migration and anchorage-independent cell growth. Remarkably, in migration assay, when wild type MEF cells met knockout cells, the knockout failed to recognize the wild type cells, although they were from the same mice strain. Upon reaching out with their dendrites to the wild type, the knockout cells then moved backward without aligning or regrouping with the wild type cells. The result suggests that WOX1 is involved in cell-cell interaction. Interestingly, when two distinct cell types, expressing with or without WOX1, encountered each other, they migrated faster. Stimulation of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 promoted cell migration of Wwox+/+ MEF cells but not that of Wwox-/- MEF cells. Taken together, WOX1 not only suppresses cell migration but also participates in cell-cell recognition. Besides, WOX1 plays a regulatory role in the TGF-beta-mediated cell migration. WOX1/p53/TIAF1 is a potential axis of tumor suppression.

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