本研究主要探討三個問題，分別是「以計劃行為理論為基礎，了解知覺行為控制、主觀規範和行為態度對於創業意圖之影響」、「探討不同國家文化下的學生其創業意圖有何不同」以及「探討國家文化上的差異是否會改變知覺行為控制、主觀規範和行為態度對創業意圖影響的強弱程度」，共發展出十九項假設來探索這些問題。本研究在成功大學和中山大學選取來自印尼、越南、法國、加拿大、美國、日本、印度、泰國和菲律賓等九個國家的外籍學生為研究對象，於民國 97年2~4月間進行調查，共收集201份有效樣本，以線性迴歸分析來進行實證研究。

實證結果如下︰
1. 知覺行為控制的程度越高，外籍學生創業意圖的形成越強。
2. 受正向的主觀規範之影響程度越高，外籍學生創業意圖的形成越強。
3. 外籍學生對創業抱持越正向的態度，其創業意圖的形成越強。
4. 權力距離越大的文化，主觀規範正向影響創業意圖的程度會增強。

並根據研究結果得出以下之研究結論︰
1. 計劃行為理論應用在創業意圖的預測上有很顯著的效果。
2. 國家文化與創業意圖並沒有直接且清楚的關係。
3. 國家文化在計劃行為理論與創業意圖間之調節效果並不顯著。

This thesis investigates factors determining entrepreneurial intentions. My argument starts with introducing the concept of entrepreneurial intentions, which is referred to an individual's intent to start a new business. Then, I developed my conceptual framework based on Ajzen's (1987) theory of planned behavior (perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and attitude toward the behavior) and prior research that probes the importance of national culture (power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity) on entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, the possible moderating roles of national culture in the relationship between theory of planned behavior and entrepreneurial intentions is also examined. My theoretical framework is empirically tested on a sample of 201 foreign students who are studying in National Cheng Kung and Sun Yat-Sen University and are originally from Indonesia, Vietnam, France, Canada, United States, Japan, India, Thailand, and Philippines. Specifically, it is found that higher perceived behavioral control, higher subjective norm, and higher attitude toward the behavior lead to greater entrepreneurial intentions. Also, power distance positively moderates the relationship between subjective norm and entrepreneurial intentions, although national cultures themselves do not significantly affect foreign students’ entrepreneurial intentions. These findings offer useful insights to both academicians and practitioners.

一、中文部分
經濟部中小企業處(2005)。九十四年中小企業白皮書。
蔡美玲(2004)。香港和深圳研究報告。全球創業觀察。
二、英文部分
Abramson, N. R., Lane, H. W., Nagai, T. and Takagi, H. (1993) ‘A Comparison of Canadian and Japanese Cgnitive Syles: Implications for management interaction’, Journal of International Business Studies, 24(3): 575-587.
Acs, Z. J. and Evans, D. S. (1995) ‘The determinants of variations in self-employment rates across countries and over time’, College of Business and Mangement Working paper, University of Maryland.
Adler, N. J. (1983) ‘Cross-cultural Management Research: The Ostrich and the Trend’, Academy of management Review, 8: 2.
Adler, N. J. and Jelinek, M. (1986) ‘Is Organization Culture ‘Culture Bound’’, Human Resource Management, 25(1): 73-91.
Ajzen, I. and Madden, T.J. (1986) ‘Prediction of goal-directed behavior : Attitude, intention and perceived behavioral control’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22: 453-474.
Ajzen, I. (1987) ‘Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in social psychology’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20: 1–63.
Ajzen, I (1991) ‘The theory of planned behavior’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50: 179–211.
Auken, H. V., Fry, F. L. and Stephens, P. (2006) ‘The influence of role model on entrepreneurial intentions’, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(2): 157-167
Autio, E., Keeley, R.H., Klofsten, M., Parker, G.G.C and Hay, M. (2001) ‘Entrepreneurial Intent among Students in Scandinavia and in the USA’, Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2): 145–160.
Bandura, A. (1986) The social foundations of thought and action, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall: NJ.
Bellah, R.N., Madsen,R., Sullivan,W.M., Swidler,A., and Tipton, S.M. (1985) Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life, California University Press: Berkeley.
Betz, N. E. and Hackett, G. (1986) ‘Applications of self-efficacy theory to understanding career choice behavior’, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4: 279-289.
Begley, T. M. and Tan, W. L. (2001) ‘The Socio-Cultural Environment for Entrepreneurship: A Comparison Between East Asain and Anglo-Saxon Countries’, Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3):537-553.
Bird, B. J. (1988) ‘Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention’, The Academy of Management Review, 13(3): 442-453.
Bird, B. J. (1992) ‘The operation of intentions in time: The emergence of the new venture’, Entrepreneurship and Practice, 17(1): 11-20.
Boyd, N. G. and Vozikis, G. S. (1994) ‘The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4): 63-77.
Bull, I. and Willard, G. E. (1993) ‘Towards a theory of entrepreneurship’, Journal of Business Venturing, 8: 183-195.
Burger, J. M. (1985) ‘Desire for control and achievement-related behaviors’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(6): 1520-1533.
Busenitz, L. W. and Lau, C. M. (1996) ‘A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4): 25-39.
Butler, J. and Herring, C. (1991) ‘Ethnicity and entrepreneurship in America : Toward an explanation of racial and ethnic group variations in self-employment’, Sociological Perspectives, 34: 79-94.
Chen, W. H. (1999) ‘Manufacturing strategies of network-based small firms: Observations on the textile industry in Taiwan’, Journal of Small Business Management, 37(2): 46-62.
Chinese Culture Connection. (1987) ‘Chinese Value and the Search for Review and Proposal for an Integrative Theory’, Journal of Marketing, 54: 66-79.
Choo, Stephen. and Wong, Melvin. (2006) ‘Entrepreneurial intention: triggers and barriers to new venture creations in Singapore’, Singapore Management Review, 28(2): 47-64.
Cooper, A. C. and Dunkelberg, W. C. (1987) ’Entrepreneurial research: Old questions, new answers, and methodological issues’, American Journal of small Business, 11(3): 1-20.
Crant, J. M. (1996) ‘The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions’, Journal of Small Business Management, 34: 42-49.
Davidsson, P. (1995) ‘Determinants ofentrepreneurial intentions’, RENT IX Workshop in Entrepreneur-ship Research, Piacenza, Italy, 23–24 November.
Davidsson, P. and Wiklund, J. (1997) ‘Values, beliefs and regional variations in new firm formation rates’, Journal of Economic Psychology, 18:179-199.
Douglas, E. J. and Shepherd, D. A. (2002) ‘Self-Employment as a Career Choice: Attitudes, Entrepreneurial Intentions, and Utility Maximization’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3): 81-90.
Evers, V. (2001) ‘Cultural Aspects Of User Interface Understanding: An Empirical Evaluation Of An E-Learning Website By International User Groups’, Doctoral Thesis, The Open University, Milton Keynes, England.
Fayolle, A. and Gailly, B. (2004) ‘Using the theory of planned behaviour to assess entrepreneurship teaching programs: A first experimentation’, IntEnt2004 14th Annual Intent Conference, University of Napoli Federico II (Italy): 4-7.
Fitzsimmons, J.R. and Douglas, E.J. (2005) ‘Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Cross-Cultural Study of Potential Entrepreneurs In India, China, Thailand And Australia’, Babson-Kauffman Entrepreneurial Research Conference, Wellesley, MA. June 2005
Ghemawat, P. (1991) Commitment: The dynamics of strategy, Free Press: New York.
Gioia, D. A. and Chittipeddi, K. (1991) ’Sensemaking and sensegiving in strategic change initiation’, Strategic Management Journal, 12: 433-448.
Glade, W. P. (1967) ‘Approaches to a theory of entrepreneurial formation’, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 4: 245-259.
Gnyawali, D. R. and Fogel, D. S. (1994) ‘Environments for entrepreneurship development: Key dimensions and research implications’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4): 43-62.
Gray, K., Foster, H. and Howard, M. (2006) ‘Motivations of Moroccans to be entrepreneurs’, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(4): 297–318.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, Jr. R. E., Tatham, R. L. and Black, W. C. (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis, fifth edition.
Hayton, J.C., George, G. and Zahra, S.A. (2002) ‘National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Review of Behavioural Research’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4): 33-53.
Heath, C. and Tversky, A. (1991) ‘Performance and belief － Ambiguity and competence in choice under uncertainty’, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 4: 5-28.
Herron, L. (1990) The effects of characteristics of the entrepreneur on new venture performance, South Carolina University Press: Columbia,.
Hisrich, R. D. (1990) ‘Entrepreneurship / intrapreneurship’, American Psychologist, 45: 209-222.
Hmieleski, K. M. and Corbeett, A. C. (2006) ‘Proclivity for Improvisation as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions’, Journal of Small Business Management, 44(1): 45–63.
Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G. (1983) ‘National Cultures in Four Dimensions: A Research-Based Theory of Cultural Differences Among Nations’, International Studies of Management and Organization: 46-75.
Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and organization: software of the mind, International cooperation and its importance for survival, McGraw-Hill: London.
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Javidan, M., Dickson, M. and Gupta, V. (1999) ‘Cultural Influences on Leadership and Organizatizons’, Project GLOBE. In W.H. Mobley (Ed.), Advances in Global Leadership, Stanford, CN: JAI Press, (1): 171-233.
Kennedy, J., Drennan, J., Renfrow, P. and Watson, B. (2003, 28 September-1 th October) Situational factors and entrepreneurial intentions, 16 Annual Conference of Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand.
Kent. D. L. Sexton, and K. H. Vesper (Eds.) Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall: NJ, pp: 288-307.
Kilmann, R. H., Saxton, M. J. and Serpa, R. (1986) ‘Issues in Understanding and Changing Culture’, California Management Review, 28(2): 87-94.
Kirzner, I. M. (1982) ‘The theory of entrepreneurship in economic growth’, in C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton and K. H. Vesper (Eds.) Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall: NJ, pp: 272-276.
Kluckhohn, F. and Strodtbeck, F. L. (1961) ‘Variations in Value Orientations’, Evanston, I11: Reterson.
Kolvereid, L. (1996a) ‘Organizational employment vs. self-employment: Reasons for career choice intentions’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(3): 23-31.
Kolvereid, L. (1996b) ‘Prediction of employment status choice intentions’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21 (1): 47-57.
Kristiansen, S. (2001) ‘Promoting African Pioneers in Business: What Makes a Context Conductive to Small-Scale Entrepreneurship?’ , Journal of Entrepreneurship, 10(1): 43-69.
Kristiansen, S. (2002) ‘Individual Perception of Business Contexts: The Case of Small Scale Entrepreneurs in Tanzania’, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(3): 283-304.
Kristiansen, S. and Indarti, N. (2004) ‘Entrepreneurial Intention Among Indonesian And Norwegian Students’, Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12(1): 55-78.
Kroeber, A. L. and Kluckhohn, C. (1954) ‘Culture: A Critical Review Of Concepts And Definitions’, Harvard University Press, Peabody Museum, MA: Cambridge, pp: 47.
Krueger, N. (1993) ‘The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1): 5-21.
Krueger, N. and Brazeal, D. V. (1994) ‘Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(3): 91-104.
Krueger, N. F. and Carsrud, A. L. (1993) ‘Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5: 315-330.
Krueger, N.F., Reilly, M.D. and Carsrud, A.L. (2000) ‘Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions’, Journal of business venturing, 15: 411-432.
Lau, C. M. and Busenitz, L. W. (2001) ‘Growth intentions of entrepreneurs in a transitional economy: The people’s republic of china’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(1): 5-20.
Learned, K. E. (1992) ‘What happened before the organization? A model of organizational formation’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17(1): 39-48.
Leddo, J. and Abelson, R. P. (1986) The nature of explanations. In J. A. Galambos, R. P. Abelson, and J. B. Black (Eds.), Knowledge structures: 103-122. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lent, R. W. and Hackett, G. (1987) ‘Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions’, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30: 347-382.
Liao, J., Welsch, H.P. and Pistrui, D. (2001) ‘Environmental and individual determinants of entrepreneurial growth: An empirical examination’, Journal of Entreprising Culture, 9(3): 253-272.
Luthje, C. and Franke, Nikolaus. (2003) ‘The ’making’ of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT’, RandD Management, 33(2): 135-147.
Mitchell, R.K., Smith, B., Seawright, K.W. and Morse, E.A. (2000) ‘Cross-Cultural Cognitions and the Venture Creation Decision’, Academy of Management Journal, 43(5): 974-993.
McCelland, D. C. (1968) ‘Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs’, Paper presented at the Third Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Symposium, MA: Framingham.
McGrath, R. G., MacMillan, I. C. and Scheinberg, S. (1992) ‘Elitists, risk-takers, and rugged individuals? An exploratory analysis of cultural differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs’, Journal of Business Venturing, 7(1): 115-135.
Mueller, S. L. and Thomas, A. S. (2001) ‘Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness’, Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1): 51-75.
Naffziger, D. W., Hornsby, J. S. and Kuratko, D. F. (1994) ‘A proposed research model of entrepreneurial motivation’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3): 29-42.
Pearson, C. A. L. and Chatterjee, S. R. (2001) ‘Differences and similarities of entrepreneurial characteristics in a diverse social setting-evidence from Australian and Singaporean managers’, Journal of Enterprising Culture, 9(3): 273-289.
Pillis, E.D. and Reardon, K.K. (2007) ‘The influence of personality traits and persuasive messages on entrepreneurial intention A cross-cultural comparison’, Career Development International, 12(4): 382-396.
Raab, G., Stedham, Y. and Neuner, M. (2005) ‘Entrepreneurial Potential: An Exploratory Study of Business Students in the U.S. and Germany’, Journal of Business and Management, 11(2): 71-88.
Reitan, B. (1996) Entrepreneurial intentions: a combined models approach. 9th Nordic Small Business Research Conference, Lillehammer, Norway, pp: 29-31 May.
Reynolds, P. D. (1991) ‘Sociology and entrepreneurship: Concepts and contributions’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2): 47-70.
Rumelt, R. P. (1987) ‘Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship’, in D. J. Teece (Eds.) The competitive challenge: Strategies for industrial innovation and renewal Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, pp: 137-158.
Sathe, V. (1983) ‘Implications Of Corporate Culture: A Manager’s Guide To Action’, Organizational Dynamics, 5: 23.
Schein, E. H. (1992) Organizational Cluture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Scheinberg, S., and MacMillan, I. C. (1988) An 11 country study of motivations to start a business. In B. Kirchoff, W. Long, W. McMullan, K. H. Vesper, W. Wetzel (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
Scherer, R. R, Adams, J. S., Carley, S. S. and Wiebe, F. A. (1989) ‘Role model performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3): 53-71.
Scott,M. and Twomey, D. (1988) ‘The long-term supply of entrepreneurs: students’ career aspirations in relation to entrepreneurship’, Journal of Small Business Management, 26(4): 5–13.
Sexton, D. L. and Bowman-Upton, N. (1985) ‘The entrepreneur: A capable executive and more’, Journal of Business Venturing, 1: 129-140.
Shane, S. L., Kolvereid, L. and Westhead, P. (1991) ‘An exploratory examination of the reasons leading to new firm formation across country and gender’, Journal of Business Venturing, 6: 431-446.
Shane, S., Locke, E. A. and Collins, C. J. (2003) ‘Entrepreneurial motivation’, Human Resource Management Review, 13(2): 257-280.
Shapero, A. (1982) Social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton, and K. H. Vesper (Eds.) The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall: NJ, pp: 72-90.
Shaw, J. B. (1990) ‘A cognitive categorization model for the study of intercultural management’, Academy of Management Review, 15(4): 626-645.
Shook, C.L., Priem, R.L. and McGee, J.E. (2003) ‘Venture Creation and the Enterprising Individual : A Review and Synthesis’, Journal of Management, 29(3): 379-399.
Stuart, R. W. and Abetti, P. A. (1990) ‘Impact of entrepreneurial and management experience on early performance’, Journal of Business Venturing, 5: 151-162.
Thomas, A. S. and Mueller, S. L. (2000) ‘A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture’, Journal of International Business Studies, 31: 591-609.
Timmons, J. A. (1990) New venture creation, Irwin: Boston.
Tkachev, A. and Kolvereid, L. (1999) ‘Self-employment intention among Russian students’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11:269-280.
Urban, B. (2006) ‘Entrepreneurship in the rainbow nation: effect of cultural values and ESE on intentions’, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(3): 171-186.
Van Voorhis, K. R. (1980) Entrepreneurship and small business management, Boston : Allyn and Bacon.
Waldinger, R., Aldrich, H. and Ward, R. (1990) ‘Opportunities, group characteristics, and strategies’, in Waldinger, R., Aldrich, H., Ward, R., and Associates (Eds.), Ethnic entrepreneurs, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp: 13-48.
Wang, C.K. and Wong, P.K. (2004) ‘Entrepreneurial interest of university students in Singapore’, Technovation, 24(2): 163-172.
Xin, K. R. and Pearce, J. (1996) ‘Guanxi: Good connections as substitutes for institutional support’, Academy of Management Journal, 39(6): 1641-165.
Yamaguchi, S. (1994) ‘Collectivism Among the Japanese: A Perspective From the self’, in U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.C. Choi, and G. Yoon (Eds.) Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp: 175-189.