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研究生: 謝硯舟
Xie, Yen-Zhou
論文名稱: 生醫鈦合金(Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe)在不同溫度及極高速剪切荷載下之絕熱剪切變形與破壞行為分析
Adiabatic Shearing Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe under Extreme High Shear Loading and Different Temperatures
指導教授: 李偉賢
Lee, Woei-Shyan
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 機械工程學系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年: 2019
畢業學年度: 108
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 203
中文關鍵詞: 霍普金森桿生醫鈦合金Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe(TMZF)絕熱剪切變形帽形試件極高速剪切塑性變形絕熱剪切帶
外文關鍵詞: Hopkinson bar, Titanium alloy, Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe, Extremely high strain rate, Adiabatic shear band
相關次數: 點閱:119下載:4
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  • 本論文對生醫鈦合金材料Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe(TMZF)進行材料性質分析。靜態方面以不同的熱處理製程與硬度分析探討TMZF析出物對物理性質的影響;動態分析則以分離式霍普金森桿撞擊試驗機(SHPB),分別於25oC、450 oC與900 oC三種不同的溫度下進行高速撞擊,使材料內部產生極高應變速率之剪切變形。利用帽形試件(Hat-Shaped Specimen)外觀之幾何設計導引絕熱剪切帶之生成,並觀察其絕熱剪切變形行為。剪應變速率控制於3.4×104s-1、7.1×104s-1、1.05×105s-1,藉由觀察實驗所得之巨觀機械性質和微觀材料破壞機制,來了解在極高剪應變速率下的動態剪切特性及剪切帶微觀組織(OM、SEM)之變化,並探討不同剪應變速率與溫度對材料剪切變形行為之影響。
    900oC實驗由於材料性質與選定實驗條件的關係,無法測得計算所需之剪切區寬度,因此本文之900oC剪切區寬度僅以推測值對材料趨勢加以討論,並非實際實驗結果。
    實驗結果顯示,應變速率越大、環境溫度越低,會有越高的理論溫升量。塑流應力值隨應變速率上升而上升,實驗溫度為25oC、450oC時,應力在達到一極大值後便會因熱軟化效應開始下降。而實驗溫度為900oC時,環境溫度已使材料充分軟化,變形過程中應力呈現持續上升。較高之應變速率會有較高的溫度敏感性係數,溫度區間為450oC-900oC時,一開始的溫度敏感性係數值會較溫度區間為25 oC-450 oC時高。但隨著應變量的上升,溫度區間為450oC-900oC時的溫度敏感性係數會變得比較小。環境溫度越高,應變速率敏感性係數越高,熱活化體積大致上較高,活化能較高。實驗溫度為25 oC、900 oC時,高應變速率區間的溫升會使熱軟化明顯,應變速率敏感性係數反而較小,熱活化體積較高。450 oC時則由於應變速率提高會使硬化現象更明顯,而呈現相反的趨勢。
    在微觀的方面,25 oC、450 oC的實驗條件皆可發現絕熱剪切帶、韌窩與節瘤的形貌。剪切帶寬度會隨著應變速率的上升而下降,剪切帶周遭常可發現裂痕的生成。韌窩為塑性變形常見的破壞型態,節瘤則是材料發生熔融後又快速冷卻的證明。在理論溫升量不高的條件中可觀察到節瘤,亦可說明非均勻變形過程的各處局部應變與局部溫升量差異甚大之現象。

    Adiabatic shearing behaviors under extremely high shear loading and microstructural characteristics of Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe (TMZF) with three different experimental temperatures are investigated under shear strain rates ranging from 3.4×104s−1 to 1.05×105s−1 using a compressive split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The results indicate the mechanical properties of TMZF are sensitivity to strain rate and experimental temperature. Shear stress will rise first and then fall down under 25oC and 450oC, but it will keep rising under 900oC. As strain rate increases, the maximum values of shear stress and strain, theoretical rising temperature, temperature sensitivity as increase. Strain rate sensitivity would be greater within lower interval of strain rate under 25oC and 900oC but lower under 450oC, while thermal activation volume shows opposite trends in comparison to strain rate sensitivity. As experimental temperature is increased, the maximum values of shear stress and strain, theoretical rising temperature, strain rate sensitivity all decrease. Within higher interval of experimental temperatures, temperature sensitivity would have a greater value at first but goes lower than lower interval later. Thermal activation volume still shows opposite to strain rate sensitivity. Optical microscope (OM) observations and micro-hardness tests reveal that the width of adiabatic shear band (ASB) decreases as strain rate increases or experimental temperature decreases. Cracks and precipitations can be observed in the shearing regions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show that dimple and knobby structures exist, suggesting ductile fracture and the evidence of melting of the material have occurred, respectively.

    中文摘要 I ABSTRACT III 致謝 XI 總目錄 XIII 表目錄 XVIII 圖目錄 XX 符號說明 XXXI 第一章 前言 1 第二章 理論與文獻回顧 6 2-1生醫材料 6 2-1-1生醫材料之簡介 6 2-1-2生醫材料的類別 7 2-1-3生醫材料與組織間之反應 7 2-2鈦與鈦合金 8 2-2-1鈦合金於生醫領域上之應用 9 2-2-2亞穩態β鈦合金與相穩定元素 10 2-2-3亞穩態β鈦合金的熱處理與次級相析出物 11 2-2-4 Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe合金介紹 12 2-2-5 Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe合金成分之影響 13 2-3霍普金森試驗機之基礎理論 13 2-3-1長桿中彈性波之一維波傳理論 13 2-3-2霍普金森撞擊試驗機之實驗資料計算與原理 19 2-3-3帽形試件之發展與實驗數據計算 22 2-3-4波散效應 24 2-4應變規訊號之校準 25 2-5塑性變形之機械測試類別 26 2-5-1靜態或極低之應變速率(10-8< <10-5s-1): 26 2-5-2低速之應變速率(10-5< <100s-1): 26 2-5-3中速之應變速率(100< <102s-1): 26 2-5-4高速之應變速率(102< <104s-1): 27 2-5-5極高速之應變速率(104< <107s-1): 27 2-6塑性變形機制 27 2-6-1差排行為誘導滑移 28 2-6-2高速塑性變形機制:等待時間與移動時間 29 2-6-3艾林反應速率理論(Eyring’s Reaction-Rate Theory) 30 2-6-4吉布斯自由能(Gibbs Free Energy) 31 2-6-5西格(Seeger)對短程應力場之討論與熱活化體積 32 2-6-6擴散控制機制(Diffusion Controlled Mechanisms) 34 2-6-7恆溫機制(Athermal Mechanism) 34 2-6-8熱活化機制(Thermal Activation Mechanism) 35 2-6-9差排黏滯機制(Viscous Drag Mechanism) 37 2-7絕熱剪切與絕熱剪切帶 38 2-8震波(Shock Waves) 43 2-8-1理想氣體(Ideal Gas)在等熵(Isentropic)情況下的多變過程(Polytropic Process)表示 43 2-8-2震波(Shock Wave)簡介[1] 45 2-8-3震波的假設與數學建構[1] 46 2-8-4震波傳遞所造成的硬化效應[1] 48 2-9構成方程式 49 2-9-1 Kobayashi & Dodd Model[80] 50 2-9-2 Johnson-Cook Model 50 2-9-3 Zhou et al. Model[81] 50 第三章 實驗方法及步驟 79 3-1實驗流程 79 3-2實驗準備 79 3-2-1試件製備 79 3-2-2桿件製作 80 3-2-3止進環(Spacer Ring)、止進塊(Spacer)與外阻環 (Outer Spacer)製作 81 3-2-4石膏模外模製作。 83 3-2-5石膏模製作 84 3-3實驗儀器與設備 84 3-3-1霍普金森撞擊試驗機 84 3-3-2小型加熱爐 86 3-3-3撞擊用加熱爐 86 3-3-4洛氏硬度測試機 87 3-3-5維氏硬度測試機 87 3-3-6砂輪切割機 87 3-3-7研磨拋光機 87 3-3-8鑽石切割機 88 3-3-9 CNC放電加工線切割機 88 3-3-10 3D印表機(3D Printer) 88 3-3-11光學顯微鏡(Optical Microscope, OM) 88 3-3-12掃描式電子顯微鏡(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM) 89 3-4實驗步驟 89 3-4-1熱處理特性測試 89 3-4-2動態剪切試驗 90 3-4-3微小硬度試驗 91 3-4-4金相處理與顯微結構觀察(OM) 92 3-4-5破斷面觀察(SEM) 92 第四章 實驗結果與討論 101 4-1硬度測試 101 4-1-1 TMZF經不同熱處理之硬度變化 101 4-1-2絕熱剪切帶之微硬度分析 102 4-2撞擊後之試件外觀與溫度對TMZF延展性之影響 104 4-3絕熱剪切帶 105 4-3-1絕熱剪切帶之寬度 105 4-3-2絕熱剪切帶附近之金相觀察(OM) 106 4-3-3絕熱剪切區剪切扭轉角理論值 107 4-4實驗數據之分析 108 4-4-1最大剪應力與最大剪應變 108 4-4-2剪應力-剪應變曲線 109 4-4-3絕熱剪切過程的理論平均溫升量 111 4-4-4溫度敏感性係數 113 4-4-5應變速率敏感性係數 115 4-4-6熱活化體積 116 4-4-7活化能 118 4-5破斷面形貌觀察(SEM) 119 4-5-1韌窩(Dimple) 119 4-5-2節瘤(Knobby Structure) 119 第五章 結論 190 參考文獻 193

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