| 研究生: |
譚子健 Tam, Chi-Kin |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
應用生光模式及福衛二號遙測影像研究曾文水庫水質之時空分佈 Application of bio-optical models and FORMOSAT-2 Remote Sensing Imagery to study the temporal and spatial distribution of water quality in Tseng-Wen Reservoir |
| 指導教授: |
劉正千
Liu, Cheng-Chien 溫清光 Wen, Ching-Gung |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering |
| 論文出版年: | 2007 |
| 畢業學年度: | 95 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 120 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 生光模式 、曾文水庫 、葉綠素 、懸浮固體物 、時空分佈 、遙測水質 、反矩陣法 、福爾摩沙衛星二號 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | temporal and spatial distribution, remote-sensing of water quality, FORMOSA-2, inverse matrix method, bio-optical model, Tseng-Wen Reservoir |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:159 下載:3 |
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水質監測是水庫狀態認定、飲用水安全預警、污染來源分析、優養化控制規劃及成效評估不可或缺的工作。傳統點狀採樣對於時空分佈明顯不均的水質而言,其代表性令人存疑。
本研究利用現地量測的光譜資訊及影像處理技術,應用於福爾摩沙衛星二號的遙測影像上,並藉此監測水庫內葉綠素a(Chl-a)與懸浮固體物(SS)濃度之時空分佈。根據調查與資料分析,發現水質與現地量測之水面高光譜反射率間有很好的相關性。其中,Chl-a與SS在迴歸式中所得出的判定係數(R2)值分別為0.79及0.87。當迴歸式套用至實際影像後卻呈現誤差放大,其原因主要來自大氣輻射影響及影像拍攝與實測並非完全同步所至。但是,基本上仍可從影像中明確地判識浮游植物與懸浮物濃度在不同月份的差異及其分佈之趨勢。除此之外,本研究採用以生光模式為基礎的半經驗法,利用反矩陣的方式將影像DN值以非線性最佳法的方式反算庫內水質。在推估的過程中,Chl-a的平均絕對值相對誤差為48%,比全經驗法所推估的誤差更少,全經驗所推估的平均絕對值相對誤差為51%;不過以半經驗法推估SS的時候,其平均絕對值相對誤差卻高達112%;經過分析與觀察,研判其誤差的來源除了因影像拍攝時間與現地量測不同所造成之外,在求解的過程中,由於是利用最佳化的方法同時求出三種水質(分別為Chl-a、SS及有色溶解性物質),但各項水質在不同時期所佔之權重皆不同,導致求解的過程中彼此互相影響,造成推估的誤差。
本研究結果顯示應用福衛二號遙測影像推估水庫水質的誤差遠高於實驗室分析之誤差,其推估的絕對濃度值不適於做為水質標準或優養狀態認定之依據,但仍可做為高頻度監測水庫全域水質的平台,反映出水庫在不同時間浮游植物濃度上的差異,以及監控支流排入高濁度溪水後的分佈狀態。
Monitoring the water quality is an essential work for evaluating the reservoir condition, monitoring the drinking water safety, analyzing the contaminant source, and indicating the eutrophicated status. The data collected by the traditional approach of sampling at a few stations on certain dates, however, is limited both in time and space. As a result, such data is not able to provide the temporal and spatial information for the entire water reservoir..
In this study, both the in-situ measurement of spectral reflectance and the technique of image processing are applied to the time series of remote-sensing imagery collected by FORMOSAT-2, with the intention to monitor the temporal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and suspended sediment (SS). The result shows that a close correlation exists between various parameters of water quality and the in-situ measurement of the hyper-spectral reflectance. The R2 value of the empirical regression model for Chl-a and SS is 0.79 and 0.87, respectively. Therefore, firstly, this research applies the empirical model to analyze the FORMOSAT-2 imagery. The result shows that the relative percentage differences (RPD) of Chl-a and SS are as low as 51% and 33%, respectively. Secondly, based on the technique of non-linear optimization using the inverse matrix method, this research employs a set of bio-optical models to derive the semi-empirical relationship between various parameters of water quality and the surface reflectance derived from FORMOSAT-2 images. In spite of the much longer time required for image processing, the semi-empirical method gives an even lower value of RPD for Chl-a (48%). However, the RPD for SS is run up to 112% in this case. This might be caused by the different level of atmospheric effect on different date. Another possibility is that the FORMOSAT-2 imagery and the in-situ measurement were not collected on the same time. Nevertheless, this research demonstrated that the time series of FORMOSAT-2 images is an ideal source of data for studying the temporal and spatial distribution of the phytoplankton and suspended sediment.
This study concludes that the errors in estimating the water quality of a reservoir from the imagery of FORMOSAT-2 are much larger than the one obtained from the laboratory analysis. Therefore, it is not appropriate to simply use the satellite-derived parameters to infer the water quality or to indicate the status of eutrophication. However, the satellite is still an ideal platform for monitoring the water quality over the entire reservoir. The remote sensing imagery is able to show the spatial and temporal variation of the phytoplankton concentration and the distribution of the turbidity in the reservoir after the inflows from different branches.
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