| 研究生: |
陳芳蘭 Chen, Fang-Lan |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
轉售價格維持制度於公平交易法下之規範 Resale Price Maintenance in The Fair Trade Law |
| 指導教授: |
林易典
Lin, Yi-Tien |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
社會科學院 - 法律學系 Department of Law |
| 論文出版年: | 2017 |
| 畢業學年度: | 105 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 167 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 轉售價格維持 、當然違法 、合理原則 、垂直價格限制 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Resale price maintenance, Per se illegal, Rule of reason, Vertical price restraints |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:121 下載:12 |
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垂直限制可以分為垂直價格限制以及垂直非價格限制兩種類型,而此兩種限制類型在我國係分別規範,兩者在法律效果之評價上也有很大的不同。垂直限制行為是存在於製造商與經銷商之間,但製造商要將商品或服務傳遞至經銷商時需要經過經銷系統,如果該經銷系統受到了限制是否應該加以禁止,又商品或服務之價格對於消費者、經銷商以及製造商而言都是他們所關切的一項重要因子,而且在2015年修法前後該制度之規範也有很大的轉變,因此本文欲著重在垂直價格限制之部分為討論。
為探討轉售價格維持制度在修法前後之轉變以及對於實務上之影響,會藉由經濟分析之理論層面以及外國法制之比較來觀察,以了解轉售價格維持制度之優劣以及可以改進之處。在經濟分析方面,主要是分別對於最低以及最高轉售價格維持制度所造成之促進競爭或是反競爭效果來討論該制度是否應該加以限制;在比較外國法之層面,主要是以美國以及歐盟之法制度為基礎,歸納美國以及歐盟對於轉售價格維持之態度,以及實務上之處理方式,美國法在審查轉售價格維持制度時從一開始法院認為該制度乃當然違法,歷經一段時間後,改以合理原則來審查該制度,而歐盟則是保持一貫之當然違法之態度,但是將建議轉售價格以及最高轉售價格之類型獨立出來為評價,不同於最低轉售價格以及固定轉售價格之當然違法。
至於我國在2015年以前之舊法中,法條之規範為約定無效,故觀察實務上之案例,只要一旦有轉售價格維持之行為發生,不論背後有任何之理由皆會被非難,主管機關在處理相關案例時之理由也較為簡略,而且著重在轉售價格維持行為會限制品牌內之價格競爭,並且限制經銷商自行定價之能力。惟現行公平交易法第十九條之規定,已將轉售價格維持制度改為原則禁止,例外之情況下可以阻卻違法之規定,而這些正當理由之規定規範在公平交易法施行細則第二十五條,目前有數個適用現行法之案例,我們可以觀察舊法時期主管機關對於轉售價格維持之態度與現行法下主管機關對於轉售價格維持態度有何不同。
綜上,本文欲探討我國公平交易法第十九條之轉變在實務上應如何因應以及對於事業會產生如何之影響,並藉由外國法制對比我國之轉售價格維持制度,希冀利用外國之執法經驗供予我國實務為參考。並且觀察適用現行法之案例,以得知我國實務在公平交易法第十九條但書中正當理由之規範及運作,此外對於正當理由中之要件為分析,討論現行法下正當理由之運用是否有其缺失,是否達成修法之目的,希冀提出我國未來在轉售價格維持制度上可以努力之方向。
SUMMARY
Resale price maintenance is a restriction towards price offering in the market, it effects consumers, manufacturers, and distributors through everyday life. The issue is critical to the open market. Whether in Taiwan or abroad, resale price maintenance cases are to be heard from time to time, since the regulation of resale price maintenance in Taiwan’s Fair Trade Law have been amended, the effect of the regulation is different from before, the change also influences the operation in read practice of the resale price maintenance. Therefore the behavior of resale price maintenance for the effects of the market worth discussion.
This Article applies economic analysis as basis to discuss results in the market by price maintenance system. Studying foreign legal systems on fair trade and analyzing the different approach between American Law and European Union regulations. Upon understanding foreign legal systems, compares the Taiwan’s fair trade law regulation which is Article 19, using practical cases and requirements of the law to fully picture the regulations and attitudes of the legislator towards resale pricing systems. Lastly to provide a direction on how Article 19 could achieve its purpose and further comments.
INTRODUCTION
Vertical restraints can be separated into vertical price restriction and vertical non-price restriction. Both restrictions are specified and regulated by fair trade law and create different results with specific legal effects. The vertical restriction takes effect within manufacturers and dealers, when manufacturers transfer products or services to dealers through the distribution system, should there be a restriction in the system? And the price of a product or service to consumers, dealers, and manufacturers are all important aspects in economical activities in society, the modified Article on vertical restriction during 2015 swirls big changes in the matter of vertical restraints. This thesis will focus on the discussion on vertical restraints.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to discuss the influence before and after the modification on resale price maintenance system in fair trade law, this thesis will focus on theoretical level of economic analysis and comparison on foreign legal system to understand the advantages and disadvantages in our country’s resale price maintenance system, and also if further improvement could be made. In the economical analysis, main focus will be on minimum and maximum resale price maintenance system’s effect on promoting competition or anti-competitive effects, including further discussion on whether the system should be limited. On the comparison on foreign legal system, the legal systems in United States and European Union would be used as the fundamental basis, inducting opinions on resale price maintenance, and observing practical approach towards the price maintenance system. The American law has started on resale price maintenance as Per se illegal issue, but changed to Rule of reason on later on through progression. European Union on the other side have maintained the Per se illegal approach on resale price maintenance, but also has a separated regulation on suggested resale price and maximum resale price, which is different from minimum resale price and fixed resale price which is Per Se Illegal for individual evaluations.
In the old Article on fair trade law before 2015, regulations set effect to all agreements to be invalid, in practical approach whenever resale price maintenance occurs, no matter what reasons lies behind the occurrence, the behaviors are to be charged by the administration authority and charging reasons are usually ambiguous. In addition, focusing on the behavior of the resale price maintenance limits the intrabrand competition and restricts dealers’ power in pricing. The modification on Article 19 states now that behavior of resale price maintenance is prohibited in principle, but under certain exceptions there are rule that can be used as affirmative defense in defending against charges. These certain exceptions are regulated on Article 25 in the Enforcement Rules of Fair Trade Law. There are several cases showing application of the new law, through these cases we can see the difference between the attitudes of administration authority complying with the old Article for resale price maintenance and difference later on with the new Article 25.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this thesis strives to discuss Fair Trade Law’s Article 19 and its influence in real approach and economical world. This Article would be studying through foreign legal system, discussing resale price maintenance, and providing further analysis on current Article 19. Observing the current Article 19’s application in current market and also understanding if the modified clause in Article 19 is making a positive change to the market. Discussion on the usage of rule of reasons, and is the modified Article in accordance to the purpose of amending the law, and giving out further directions of improvement on Article 19.
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