生態旅遊強調地區環境的保護及經濟的獲益，當地居民、環境、觀光共生關係的建立，為生態旅遊成功推動的關鍵。回顧觀光領域文獻，僅分別指出人們的環境態度與偏好、環境偏好與環境保護行為的關係；卻少有連結社區環境與地區觀光發展及管理的文獻。

環境偏好及擁擠知覺為環境規劃與環境心理領域重要的研究主題；經由環境喜好，可以建構人們對環境知覺的分類；擁擠知覺的研究提到觀光地區的環境特性對擁擠知覺具有影響，上述論點可應用於生態旅遊地區的環境規劃。此外，偏好矩陣文獻指出特定的環境特性對偏好具有影響，可以發掘提升環境喜好的設計原則。

居民在生態旅遊發展過程具有相當重要的地位；回顧過去觀光地區環境規劃與設計的研究，多未關注對當地環境具有特殊情感連結的居民之意見。綜合以上，本研究從居民的觀點，探討社區環境與生態旅遊發展及管理的關係，並且經由居民對社區環境的看法，包括環境喜好、偏好矩陣特性及擁擠知覺的看法，提出發展生態旅遊社區環境的規劃與設計原則。

本研究範圍為台南市發展生態旅遊的北門溼地地區。經由問卷調查收集當地居民對生態旅遊發展及管理的看法，包括生態旅遊態度、參與生態旅遊發展及管理意向，以及他們對社區環境的意見，包括社區環境喜好、偏好矩陣特性、擁擠知覺。分析時採用結構方程模式估計本研究提出連結社區環境與生態旅遊發展及管理關係的假設模式；利用驗證性因素分析進行建構溼地地區環境分類的驗證；執行多元迴歸分析找出影響居民溼地環境喜好的偏好矩陣特性；透過變異數分析探討居民對不同遊憩情境擁擠知覺的差異。

假設模式估計結果顯示居民的生態旅遊態度對生態旅遊發展及管理的參與意向具有直接及間接（透過觀光景觀喜好）影響。本研究經由居民的環境喜好，建構及驗證溼地地區環境分類，包括文化性及歷史性、生活性及開闊性三個景觀種類。研究結果支持偏好矩陣特性對溼地環境喜好的正向影響，對居民而言，一致性對喜好解釋力最強，易讀性、複雜性及神秘性解釋力較弱。擁擠知覺的分析結果，顯示居民對溼地環境、歷史建築、產業文化體驗等不同遊憩情境的擁擠知覺具有顯著差異。

在學術理論方面，本研究連結觀光景觀喜好與居民生態旅遊態度及參與意向間的因果關係；並且提出得到驗證支持的溼地地區環境分類。在發展生態旅遊社區的環境規劃與設計方面，提出(1)從居民的社區環境喜好，建立當地的環境分類，(2)應用居民擁擠知覺於分區規劃，(3)加強溼地地區一致性及易讀性的設計等原則。

Ecotourism emphasizes environmental protection and economical benefits. Creating a synergistic relationship between residents, the local environment and tourism is key to successful ecotourism. The correlation between individual environmental preferences and attitudes, as well as how preferences affect behaviors protective of the environment have been separately discussed in literature pertaining to tourism. However, little past research has probed the link between the local environment and tourism development and management.

Environmental preference and crowding perception are two important topics in the fields of environmental planning and environmental psychology. Individuals’ environmental preferences provide insight into the underlying perceptual categories of the environment. Literature suggests the environmental attributes of a tourism region have an effect on crowding perception, which can contribute to effective ecotourism planning. In addition, relationships between specific environmental characteristics and preferences have been proposed in research on the preference matrix and provide useful guidance for formulating design principles that enhance individuals’ affinity to the environments.

Residents, who have special emotional connection with the local environment, play an important role in ecotourism. Yet, studies on the planning and design of tourism regions have paid little attention to their views. Thus, this study takes to explore the relationship between the local environment and ecotourism development and management by examining residents’ viewpoints. It then attempts to identify certain principles of environmental planning and design for community-based ecotourism, based on residents’ opinions about environmental preferences, characteristics of the preference matrix and crowding perception.

This study focuses on the Beimen wetland area in Tainan City, an area designated as a potential ecotourism attraction. A questionnaire survey was performed to collect the local residents’ views on ecotourism development and management, specifically soliciting their attitudes toward and intention to participate in ecotourism, and their views on the local environment including personal preferences, characteristics of the preference matrix, and perception of crowding. For data analysis, structural equation modeling was used to examine the proposed model, which constructs a relationship between the local environment and ecotourism development and management. The validity of wetland area categorization was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. To identify the effect of characteristics of the preference matrix on affinity to wetland, multiple regression analysis was performed. Finally, analysis of variance was used to examine the differences between crowding perceptions of various recreational settings.

Estimation of the proposed model indicates residents’ attitudes toward ecotourism directly and indirectly (via likeability of tourist landscapes) determine the intention to participate in ecotourism development and management. Three valid and distinct types of wetland landscapes are identified through residents’ preferences: cultural and historical, everyday and open wetlands. The results support a positive effect of characteristics of the preference matrix on residents’ affinity to wetland. Among them, coherence is found to have the strongest power while legibility, complexity and mystery are weaker. Further, the differences between crowding perception of various recreational settings are statistically significant.

From the theoretical perspective, this study verifies the causal effects of residents’ affinity to tourist landscapes on their attitudes toward and intention to participate in ecotourism. It also provides a basis for environmental categorization of wetland areas. Further, the study proposes the following principles of environmental planning and design for community-based ecotourism: (a) identify the environmental categories based on residents’ preferences for local environment; (b) apply residents’ crowding perception to zone planning; and (c) incorporate designs that improve the coherence and legibility of wetland areas.

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