原發性心肌症的發病涉及諸多基因與機制，先前利用心臟衰竭小鼠模型觀察到擴張型心肌症（dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM）相關的表型，利用數量性狀基因座與表現模式比對結果，篩選出 Hrtfm4 基因座上的 Alpk2 基因與心臟衰竭具高度相關。先前文獻指出與小鼠的 ALPK2 具高度同源（45%）的 ALPK3 缺陷會導致小鼠心臟病變。暗示與小鼠的 ALPK2 胺基酸具高度同源性的斑馬魚的 alpk2 及 alpk3 對於心臟可能有類似功能。藉由原位雜交染色觀察到斑馬魚 alpk2 及 alpk3 基因會專一性表達在心臟及骨骼肌。經由 morpholino 技術的抑制與 CRISPR/Cas9 系統進行基因突變，兩者皆觀察到 alpk2 基因缺陷的斑馬魚胚胎會有心臟周圍積血及積水現象。利用影像分析軟體，顯示心臟積血的胚胎具有心臟收縮功能降低與心跳間期延長的現象。耐受性游泳實驗結果顯示 alpk2 基因突變的成魚表現出運動能力下降的現象。經由都卜勒心臟超音波掃描觀察到 alpk2 基因突變魚有高比例患有心律不整病徵，暗示 alpk2基因突變魚的運動缺陷可能來源於心律不整。藉由穿透式電子顯微鏡觀察結果，初步判斷心律不整可能來源於心臟粒線體的缺陷，然而其詳細的致病機制仍待釐清。本實驗結果推測 alpk2 基因對於斑馬魚胚胎及成魚心臟功能的進行扮演重要的角色。

Primitive cardiomyopathy is the myocardium functionally abnormal and the pathogenesis is polygenic. In human, the syndrome of heart failure is characterized by the fatigue, even during light exercise. The most outcome of cardiomyopathy is heart failure, which may be caused by many conditions that damage the cardiomyocytes. By using quantitative trait locus mapping to identify the heart failure modify (Hrtfm) loci in heart failure model mice. Alpk2, in Hrtfm4, is a strong candidate gene related to dilated cardiomyopathy. Alpk1/2/3 are three members which belong to alpha kinase family. After analyzing the amino acid sequence between the members of Alpk family, we had discovered that Alpk2 was closer to Alpk3 (45%) than to Alpk1 (21%) in the mice. There are also orthologous alpk1/2/3 in the zebrafish genome. The amino acid sequence of alpk2 in the mice was closer to alpk2 and alpk3 in the zebrafish. In addition, alpk2 and alpk3 in zebrafish were also expressed in heart and skeletal muscle detected by whole mount in situ hybridization. In our lab, we found alpk2 mutant zebrafish phenocopied the alpk2 morphant, and both of which showed pericardial edema and heart blood congestion. The embryos with heart blood congestion had reduced FS (fractional shortening), which improved they had impaired efficiency of the heart contraction dysfunction and pathogenesis about DCM (dilated cardiomyopathy). Due to alpk2-deficient larva showed lower survival rate, we designed the endurance exercise experiments to test whether the alpk2 mutant adult fish had deficient heart function. The results showed alpk2 mutant fish declined in exercise capability which might related to cardiovascular system. By using Doppler echocardiography technology, we observed alpk2 mutant fish had arrhythmia, which were similar to the result of DCM in human. Those experiments showed alpk2 mutant fish had defects in cardiac function. The primitive reasons for our pre-judgement was that mitochondria-deficient due to the ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy. However, the detail of the molecular pathogenesis is still needed to be elucidated.

謝季翰，探討Alpk2/3在斑馬魚心臟發育的角色，國立成功大學生物科技研究所碩士論文，2017。

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