空氣中微量的致突變性或致癌性污染物如揮發性有機物(Volatile Organic Compounds，VOCs)、多環芳香族化合物(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons，PAHs)等的毒性測試、鑑定及控制技術、策略之研究已逐漸成為重點關於毒性測試方法之選擇，動物實驗雖然其所得結果較為準確且較能信賴，但需耗費大量的人力、物力、經費及時間，以致一般毒性測試方法仍較少採用之。而在毒性測試系統方面，本研究採用Ames test已成功的被用於空氣中微量半揮發性有機物之毒性測試上，由於可減低試驗間的變異性，且需少量測試樣品，即可表現出高度準確度，因而被本實驗所採用。
本研究主要針對汽機車隧道廢氣、柴油車停車場及市面上常見的拜香燃煙進行半揮發性有機物之探討，採得之SVOCs經萃取後，進行儀器分析並轉入低毒性之攜帶溶劑中進行安姆氏毒性試驗。
研究結果顯示，汽機車等移動性污染源氣固相PAHs總濃度均為機車隧道＞汽車隧道＞柴油車停車場，分佈特徵則以氣相萃取物以低環PAHs為主，而固相多為高環PAHs。氣相萃取物重量百分比約在80～90％左右。機車隧道之固相PAHs重量百分比則較為偏高。三種燃香氣相萃取物多為低環之NaP，其氣固兩相PAHs分佈則較為平均，氣相重量比率均大於固相。本研究亦發現在空氣中懸浮粒狀物的PAHs對人體的影響，要比氣相PAHs對人體的影響來的大。
毒性測試發現移動性污染源以機車隧道所測值為最高，且氣固兩相均呈現致突變性，柴油車停車場次之，其固相萃取物毒性大於氣相萃取物且氣固兩相均呈現致突變性；汽車隧道為最低，氣相PAHs之突變性高於固相PAHs，且具有劑量反應。三種測試樣品在經過S9活化後均呈毒性增加的趨勢；三種拜香燃煙毒性表現差異不大，均以固相萃取物較具致突變性，且經過S9之活化後毒性也有增加的趨勢。氣相之致突變性則無明顯表現。

In this study we used Ames TestTM system, which offers reduced variability among experiments, requires smaller quantities of test chemicals and eliminate interactive systematic effects, were used to assess the mixture acute toxicity and genotoxicity. Three types of commercially available incenses sticks, and several traffic sites in Tainan, including a tunnel for motorcycles, a tunnel for automobiles, and a parking lot for diesel buses, were selected for this study. The ambient air at these sites and the smoke from incence burning and were collected for by high-volume samplers (PS-1), from October 2002 to January 2003, to assess the toxicity and genotoxicity of airborne SVOCs.
The collected samples were ultrasonic-extracted using dichoromethane as the solvent, fractionated into particle-associated (SOF) phase and vapor-
phase (XOC). All extractions were then solvent exchanged into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a solvent vehicle for later toxicity assessment.
GC analyses indicated that the relative concentration levels of PAHs in the air pollution by mobile sources are: motorcycle＞automobile＞diesel for all XOC and SOF. There are no significant differences among three types of incense sticks.. The XOC’s have higher mass percentage (70～90％) than the SOF in mobile sources and incenses, excepted for motocycle (45％).
Ames Test showed that both of XOC and SOF of motocycle have highest toxicity amoung mobile sources. After activation by S9, the toxicity of extracts from mobile sources were always higher. The SOF of extracts from incense smoke is the major contribution to the toxicity and in the presence of S9, toxicity were also well-correlated to dose-response.

Alink, G. M. H. A. Smit, J. J. Van Houdt, J. R. Kolkman and J. S. M. Boleij. 1983. Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate at non-industrial locations. Mutat. Res. 116: 21-34.
Alsberg, T., U. Stenberg, R. Westerholm and M. Strandell. 1985. Chemical and biological characterization of organic material from gasoline exhaust particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:43-50.
Andersson, H., L. Eva, W. Roger, G. Kerstin, A. Jacob and O. Lars. 1998. Neurotoxic Effects of Fractionated Diesel Exhausts Following Microinjections in Rat Hippocampus and Striatum. Environ. Res. 76:41-51.
AZUR Environmental. 1996. Mutatox genotoxicity assay: manual. AZUR Environmental, Carlsbad, CA, USA.
Belkin S, M. Stieber, A. Tiehm, F. H. Frimmel, A. Abeliovich, P. Werner and S. Ulitzur. 1994. Toxicity and genotoxicity enhancement during polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon's biodegradation. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 9: 303-309.
Berenbaum, M. C. 1981. Criteria for analyzing interactions between biologically active agents. Adv. Cancer. Res. 35:269-335.
Bidleman, T. F. 1988. Atmospheric processes : Wet and dry deposition of organic compounds are controlled by their vapor-particle partitioning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22:361-367.
Bliss, C. I. 1939. The toxicity of poisons applied jointly. Ann. Biol. 26:585-615.
Bostrom, E., S. Engen and I. Eide. 1998. Mutagenicity testing of organic extracts of diesel exhaust particles after spiking with polycyclic aromatic hrdrocarbons (PAH). Arch. Toxicol. 72:645-649.
Brockman, H. E. and D. M. DeMarini. 1988. Utility of short-term tests of genetic toxicity in the aftermath of the NTP'S analysis of 73 chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 11:421-435.
Broderius, S. J., D. K. Michael and D. H. Marilynn. 1995. Use of joint toxic response to define the primary mode of toxic action for diverse industrial organic chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:1591-1605.
Bruner, L. H., D. J. Kain, D. A. Roberts and R. D. Parker. 1991. Evaluation of seven in vitro alternatives for ocular safety testing. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 17:136-149.
Bulich, A. A. 1986. Bioluminescence assays. In Bitton G. and B. J. Dutka (Eds.), Toxicity Testing Using Microorganisms, Vol. 1, pp:57-74, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Calabrese, E. J. 1991. Multiple Chemical Interactions, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, 704.
Cassee, F. R., J. H. E. Arts, J. P. Groten and V. J. Feron. 1996. Sensory irritation to mixtures of formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde in rats. Arch. Toxicol. 70:329-337.
Chen, P. H. S., C. Y. Chung, Y. D. Lu and K. Y. Chung.1981. 1981. GC/MS Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate at various sites in Kaohsiung area. Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC 5: 262-267.
Chen, P. H. S., H. H. Shich and J. M. Gaw. 1980. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate at various sites in Taipei city by GC/MS and glass capilliary GC. Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC 4: 280-284.
Dansette, P. M., K. Alexandrov, R. Zered and C. H. Frayssinnt. 1979. The effect of some mixed function oxidase inducers on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and epoxide hydrase in nuclei and microsome from rat liver and lung. The effect of cigarette smoke. Eur. J. Cancer. 15:915-923.
DeMarini, D. M., J. Lewtas, and H. E. Brockman. 1989. Utility of short-term tests for genetic toxicity. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 5:189-200.
Dorr, G., M. Hippelein, H. Kaupp and O. Hutzinger. 1996. Baseline contamination assessment for a new resource recovery facility in germany: Part VI: levels and profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in ambient air. Chemosphere. 33(8):1569-1578.
Dutka, B. J., K. K. Kwan, S. S. Rao, A. Jurkovic, D. Liu. 1991. River evaluation using ecotoxicological and microbiological procedures. Environ. Monit. Assess. 16:287-313.
Erickson, R. J., g.T. Anklet, D. L. DeFoe, P. A. Kosian and E. A. Makynen. 1999. Additive toxicity of binary mixtures of phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 154:97-105.
G. Krishna et. al., Mutagenicity studies of ambient airborne particles II. Comparison of extraction Methods, Mutation Res. 124:121-128, 1983.
Gessner, P. K. 1988. A straightforward method for the study of drug interaction : an isobolographic analysis primer. J. Am. Col. Toxicol. 7:987-1012.
Gessner, P. K. 1995. Isobolographic analysis of interactions : an update on applications and utility. Toxicology. 105:161-179.
Gordon, S., A. B. Stewart, and P. Williams. 1992. Review article: lux genes and the application of bacterial bioluminescence. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138:1289-1300.
Grifoll, M., A. M. Solanas, and J. M. Bayona. 1990. Characterization of genotoxic components in sediments by mass spectrometric techniques combined with Salmonella/Microsome test. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19:175-184.
Grimmer, G. 1983. Environmental Carcinogens : Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24:1581-1585.
Gyula, K., V. P. Zita, R. Gabor and H. Jozsef. 1998. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on atmospheric aersol particles of Different Sizes. Atmos. Res. 46:253-261.
Hayakawa K, A. Nakamura, N. Terai, R. Kizu and K. Ando. 1997. Nitroarene concentrations and direct-acting mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particulates fractionated by silica-gel column chromatography. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 45:1820-1822.
Higginson, J. 1969. Present trends in cancer epidemiology. Can. Cancer Conf. 8:40-75
Ho, K.T. and J. G. Quinn. 1993. Physical and chemical parameters of sediment extraction and Fractionation that influence toxicity, as evaluated by Microtox. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:615-625.
Ho, K.T., L. J. Mills, C. Mueller, S. C. Anderson and A. R. Malcolm. 1994. The influence of sediment extract fractionation methods on bioassay results. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 9:145-154.
Jerina, D. M. and A. H. Conney. 1985. Inhibition of the mutagenicity of bay-region diol-epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by tannic acid, hydroxylated anthraquinones and hydroxylated cinnamic acid derivatives. Carcinogenesis. 6:237-242.
Johnson, B. T. 1995. Detection of genotoxins in contaminated sediments: an evaluation of a new test for complex environmental mixtures. Assessment Document, Great Lakes Program Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Johnson, B. T. and E. R. Long. 1998. Rapid toxicity assessment of sediments from estuarine ecosystems: a new tandem in vitro testing approach. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 :1099-1106.
Johnson, B.T. 1992. An evaluation of a genotoxicity assay with liver S9 for activation and luminescent bacteria for detection. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:473-480.
Josephson, J. 1984. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18:93A-95A.
Jungers, R., R. Burton, L. Claxton and J. L. Huisingh, Evaluation of collection and extraction methods for mutagenesis studies on ambient air particulate, in: M. D. Water, S.S. Sandhu, J.L. Huisingh, L. Claxton and S. Nesnow (Eds), Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environment Mixture II, Plenum, New York, pp. 45-46, 1981.
Kaiser, K.L.E. 1998. Correlations of Vibrio fischeri bacteria test data with bioassay data for other organisms. Environ. Health Perspect. 106 Suppl 2:583-591.
Kaiser, K.L.E. and V. S. Palabrica. 1991. Photobacterium phosphoreum toxicity data index. Water poll. J. Canada. 26:361-431.
Kleinheinz, G. T. and S. T. Bagley. 1998. Biofiltration for the removal and 'detoxification' of a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 20:101-108.
Kleinheinz, G. T. and W. P. St. John. 1997. Short communication – Sampling of the air streams and incroporation of samples in the MicrotoxTM toxicity testing system. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16:2064-2066.
Kodell, R. L. and J. G. Pound. 1988. Assessing the toxicity of mixtures of chemical, in Statistical Methods in Toxicological Research, Krewski, D. and Franklin, C., Eds., Gordon and Breach Science Publ. New York.
Kwan K. K. and B. J. Dutka. 1990. Simple two-step sediment extraction procedure for use in genotoxicity and toxicity bioassays. Toxic. Assess. 5:395-404.
Lee, H., S. H. Cherng and T. Y. Liu. 1994. Bacterial mutagenicity, metabolism, and DNA adduct formation by binary mixtures of Benzo[a]pyrene and 1-Nitropyrene. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 24:229-234.
Li, C.K. and R.M. Kamens. 1993. The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as source signatures in receptors modeling. Atmos. Environ. 27A(4):523-532.
Loewe, S. and H. Muischnek. 1926. Über Kombinationswirkungen. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmak. 114:313-326.
Maron, D. M., and B. N. Ames. 1983. Revise method for Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat. Res. 113:173-215.
McCann, J. and B. N. Ames Detection of carinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: Assay of 300 chemicals: Discussion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 73(3): 950-954，1976.
McCann, J., E.Choi, E. Yamasaki, and B. N. Ames. 1975. Detection of Carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test. Assay of 300 chemicalproc Natl. Acad. Sci USA 72: 5135-5139.
Menk, H. R., J. T. Casagrands, and B. E. Henderson. 1974. Industrial air pollution: possible effect on lung cancer. Science 183: 210-212.
Menzie, C. A., B. B. Potocki and J. Santodonato. 1992. Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:1278-1284.
Mumtaz, M. M., C. T. DeRosa and P. R. Durkin. 1994. Approaches and challenges in risk assessments of chemical mixtures, in Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego. 565-598. Mutagenic assessment of Houston air particulate extracts in relation to lung cancer motality rate. Envir. Res. 28: 303-312.
Nealson, K. H. 1977. Autoinduction of bacterial luciferase. Arch. Microbiol. 112:73-79.
Østby, L., S. Engen., A. Melbye and I. Eide. 1997. Mutagenicity testing of organic extracts of diesel exhaust particles after fractionation and recombination. Arch. Toxicol. 71:314-319.
Peter Flessel et. al., Ames Testing for Mutagens and Carcinogens in Air., J. of Chemical Education, Vol.64, pp 391, 5, 1987.
Poland, A. P. and E. Glover. 1976. Stereospecfic high affinity binding of 2,3,7, 8,-terachchlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by hepatic cytosol : Evidence that the bending species is the receptor for induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. J. Bio. Chem. 251:4936-4945.
Purchase, I.F.H. et. al., Evaluation of six short term tests for detecting organic chemical carinogens and recommendation for their use., Nature, 264: 624-627, 1976.
Reif, A. E. 1984. Synergism in carcinogenesis. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 73:25-39.
Robert, E. A. M., G. B. Brain, P. D. Josephy and N. J. Bunce. 1999. Comparison of the Ames Salmonella assay and Mutatox genotoxicity assay for assessing the mutagenicity of polycyclic aromatic compounds in porewater from Athabasca oil sand mature fine tailing. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:2510-2516.
Steel, G. G. and M. J. Peckham, 1979. Exploitable mechanisms in combined radiotherapy chemotherapy : the concept of additivity, Int. J. Radiation Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5:85-91.
Taylor, M. S. R. W. Setzer and D. M. DeMarini. 1995. Examination of the additivity assumption using the spiral and standard Salmonella assays to evaluate binary combinations of mutagents. Mutat. Res. 335:1-14.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Guidelines for the Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixture. U.S. EPA, Fed. Regist. 51(185) :34014-34025.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Permit writer’s guide to water quality-based permitting for toxic pollutants. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D C. EPA 440/4-87-005, July 1987.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Engineering Bulletin: Biological Toxicity Testing. EPA/540/S-95/501.
Walker, R. D., T. H. Connor E., J. MacDonald, N. M. Trieff, M. S. Legator, K. M. Jr. Mackenizie and J. G. Dobbins. 1982. Correlation of
Weber, L. J. p. Anderson, C. Muska, E. K. Yinger and D. She-Hon. 1987. Concentration and response addition of mixtures of toxicants using lethality, growth and organ system studies. Presented at the ASA/EPA Confercence on Joint Toxicity, Washington, DC.
Williams, R., E. E. Perry and J. Lewtas. 1986. Evaluation of techniques used in the preparation of diesel extract samples for mutagenicity studies. Environ. Int. 12:625-633.
Wynder, E. L., and G. B. Gori. 1977 Contribution of the environment to cancer incidence : An epidemiologic exercise . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58: 825-832.
內政部，90年，宗教教務概況、宗教社會服務概況，內政統計年報，。
王小龍，2001，高速公路收費站人員PAHs之暴露危害評估，成功大學環境醫學研究所，碩士論文。
王雅玢，1994，交通污染源大氣中多環芳香烴化合物特徵之探討，成功大學環境工程研究所，碩士論文。
台灣省農業藥物毒性試驗所，化學物質遺傳毒性之簡易偵測法 1.沙門氏菌回復突變測試法，中華民國七十六年二月。
台灣省農業藥物毒性試驗所，化學物質遺傳毒性之簡易偵測法 2. 姊妹子染色體交換測試法，中華民國七十六年四月。
台灣省農業藥物毒性試驗所，化學物質遺傳毒性之簡易偵測法 3.大腸桿菌核酸修護測試法，中華民國七十六年五月。
交通部統計處，2003年4月，台閩地區機動車輛統計數。
朱聰智，1997，汽機車污染源多環芳香烴化合物排放量之探討中山醫學院毒理學研究 所，碩士論文。
米孝萱，1997，移動性污染源排放多環芳香烴化合物之特徵，成功大學環境工程研究所，博士論文。
李俊璋，1992，空氣污染物致突變性測試方法改良之研究，台灣大學環境工程研究所，博士論文。
趙木榮，2001，螢光菌對空氣中半揮發性之毒性測試方法建立及其應用，成功大學環境工程研究所，博士論文。
呂佳玲，2001，大氣中半揮發性有機物之混合毒性研究，成功大學環境工程研究所，碩士論文。
謝永昌，2002，拜香氣膠中之PAHs之粒徑研究，成功大學環境工程研究所，碩士論文。
邱莉婷，1999，多環芳香烴和其衍生物之代謝及DNA加成物的形成研究，靜宜大學應用化學系，博士論文。
許又文，1998，多種污染源多環芳香烴化合物之特性及其曝露評估，中山醫學院毒理學研究所，博士論文。
黃萬居，王正雄，2000，擬似環境賀爾蒙化學物質之環境調查，中日環境荷爾蒙研討會，pp. 99-102, 屏東。
劉仲康，1997， 愛炫的螢光菌，科學月刊， 2：139-142。