未來十年全球社會包括台灣有少子化的高齡社會現象。在2025年，每五位成年人就有一位是高齡人士而這個比例到了2060年則會高達四成二。隨著台灣逐漸邁入少子化社會，建築物不需要多，但居住機能應隨使用者而有所改變。根據數據統計，在台灣近年來的新建工程比例大約是修繕更新工程的百分之三。換言之，有百分之九十七的室內裝修工程碳排放量是不被評估與管制的，而造成全球暖化最主要的溫室氣體就是二氧化碳(CO₂)。

除了綠建築標章的規範以外，如能建立一套有效的室內裝修工程碳足跡評估系統來評估在台灣的室內裝修工程，不僅能有效地紀錄與規範現有的室內裝修工程CO₂排放量，也能提供設計者與使用者減碳措施與辦法。

本研究以建築生命週期評估(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)之宏觀觀念出發，探討建築產業中之室內裝修工程對於地球環境所造成之影響，補足建築生命週期環境負荷評估體系中尚未完整之環節，作為地球環境負荷評估體系之一環。室內裝修工程之生命週期基本上可分成四階段: 新裝修工程資材、工程施工、修繕更新階段資材以及拆除與廢棄物處理。室內裝修工程的架構又分成七項目: 地坪裝修工程資材、內隔間裝修工程資材、壁面加工及裝飾工程資材、天花板裝修工程資材、固定傢俱裝修工程、衛浴陽台設備資材以及廚房設備資材。室內裝修工程之生命週期總CO₂排放量會因應排放程度，將各個工程做分級並歸列成以下等級: 合格、銅、銀、黃金及鑽石。

總而言之，這個評估系統不僅能指出室內裝修工程碳排放對地球環境所造成的影響，同時也可提供設計者及使用者機會，透過減碳策略來有效控管釋放到空氣中的CO₂。本研究發現室內裝修之減碳熱點在於拆除與廢棄物處理，其比重涵蓋了百分之五十二，這是由於在室內裝潢經拆除後之廢棄物處理以及清運交通的能源消耗很多。碳排放占據第二高的是新裝修工程資材，其比重涵蓋了百分之四十。因此能從這兩方面著手設計及改善，便能最有效率地降低室內裝修工程的總碳排。

SUMMARY

According to statistics, the ratio of new buildings was approximately 3% compared to the existing buildings of 97% in Taiwan. Hence, an effective evaluation system supplementary to EEWH policy is necessary to evaluate all interior renovations performed in Taiwan in order to assess and provide solutions to reduce CO₂emissions produced through renovations.

Interior Renovation is divided into 4 stages of life cycle: New materials, Construction operations, Upgrading and Demolition. In the ‘New materials’ stage, there are 7 categories which are Flooring, Partition, Wall Enhancement, Ceiling and Fixed Furniture. With all 4 stages of life cycle accounted for, the total CO₂emission value will allow us to assess and grade renovation cases according to Pass, Copper, Silver, Gold and Platinum levels.

In conclusion, the evaluation system not only provides an indication of the interior renovation’s carbon emission impact on the environment but also provides opportunities for designers and users to mitigate the amount of CO₂released into the atmosphere.

INTRODUCTION

In the past three decades, the Taiwan architecture industry has been booming exponentially, leading to the removal of old houses and since been replaced by many new building constructions. This has led to over-supply of housing units where demand fall short. The need for interior renovation has begun to increase since the 2000s especially for buildings that have surpassed their first 10 years of life cycle.

According to statistics, the ratio of new buildings was approximately 3% compared to the existing buildings of 97% in Taiwan. Hence, an effective evaluation system supplementary to EEWH policy is necessary to evaluate all interior renovations performed in Taiwan in order to assess and provide solutions to reduce CO₂emissions produced through renovations.

Interior Renovation is divided into 4 stages of life cycle: New materials, Construction operations, Upgrading and Demolition. Of all 4 stages, ‘New materials’ stage comprise most of the CO₂emissions which include 7 categories namely: Flooring, Partition, Wall Enhancement, Ceiling, Fixed Furniture, Bathroom and Kitchen. With all 4 stages of life cycle accounted for, the total CO₂emission value will allow us to assess and grade renovation cases according to Pass, Copper, Silver, Gold and Platinum levels.

In conclusion, the evaluation system not only provides an indication of the interior renovation’s carbon emission impact on the environment but also provides opportunities for designers and users to mitigate the amount of CO₂released into the atmosphere.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The methods used in this research are as follows:
1. Literature Review
To understand various existing carbon footprint assessment tools and international standards that have been defined, the researcher conducted a thorough literature review to identify and consolidate the various frameworks, definitions and contents of these studies. The researcher also reviewed “Building Carbon Footprint Evaluation Method” to understand the basic theorem and structure behind it to find the most suitable process for establishing an interior renovation carbon footprint evaluation system.

2. Establishing a Carbon Footprint Evaluation Framework
In the process of constructing the interior renovation carbon footprint evaluation method, a few priorities were undertaken to ensure the effectiveness and competency of the framework. Firstly, a specialized carbon footprint database for interior renovation materials was established. Secondly, 4 categories of buildings arranged from ‘least usage’ to ‘highest usage’ were identified to aid in the carbon emissions calculation of ‘Upgrading’ stage when renewal renovations are performed. Thirdly, a self-comparison system of ‘baseline project’ and ‘design project’ benchmarks is established to facilitate the calculations of carbon reduction effects of any interior renovation project. Lastly, the main framework of interior renovation life cycle stages including various requirements and specifications are combined into a formula to quantized carbon emission.

3. Case Analysis
Based on an actual case, calculations can be performed to see the breakdown of carbon emissions in every life cycle stage. In the respective stages namely: New materials, Construcion operations, Upgrading and Demolition, carbon emission can be further dissected into various sectors and categories allowing one to clearly understand which area is responsible for the most carbon emission. Researchers can also use these data to further refine and build more accurate evaluation methods and formulas.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of this research are as follows:
1. The interior renovation carbon footprint evaluation system is an efficient tool to help users, designers and researchers to understand the trends and breakdown of life cycle carbon emissions.

2. ‘New materials’ commands the highest amount of carbon emissions as compared to others, comprising up to 40% of the total interior renovation life cycle carbon footprint. The second highest level of carbon emission comes from ‘Demolition’ where a lot of energy is used to demolish the renovations and transporting them to recycling and waste yards. The third source comes from ‘Upgrading’ which in this case, a lot of materials used have yet to surpass their life expectancy hence most of them did not require replacement at the time of upgrading. Last but not least, ‘Construction’ produces the least amount of carbon emission due to limited equipment and tools used in the renovation process.

3. In essence, it is evident that the type of material used in renovating a interior space plays an important role in reduction of carbon footprint. Therefore, the best method to reduce carbon emissions is to choose low carbon and high life expectancy materials. When paving the floor or building a wall partition, it is advisable to fixate the objects and materials firmly to the structure of the building but not in excess as it would require more energy and machineries in the ‘Demolition’ stage to remove these interior renovations.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this research have developed a carbon footprint evaluation system for interior renovations, which could aid users, designers and researchers to understand the trends and breakdown of life cycle carbon emissions. With the establishment of a specialized carbon footprint database for interior renovation materials and the categorisation of buildings with respect to level of usage, this quantitative system allows one to identify carbon emission hotspots in various areas of an interior renovation project.

With the ability to analyse carbon emission distribution, the system provides alternative materials and methods for carbon-reduction strategies so that various carbon reduction targets can be achieved. Finally, the total amount of carbon emission calculated will allow us to assess and grade renovation cases according to Pass, Copper, Silver, Gold and Platinum levels.

1. 歐文生，2000《建築物室內裝修環境負荷評估之研究-以耗能量與二氧化碳排放量解析》， 國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文
2. 張又升，2002，《建築物生命週期二氧化碳評估》，國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文
3. 林建隆，2003，《住宅設備生命週期二氧化碳排放量評估》，國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文
4. 趙又嬋，2004，《百貨公司室內裝修生命週期二氧化碳排放量評估》，國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文
5. 張惇涵，2012，《舊建築再利用二氧化碳減量效益之研究》，國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文
6. 翁以欣，2013，《台灣碳足跡資料庫盤查方法之研究》，國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文
7. 黃泓元，2014，《室內裝修碳足跡評估之研究》，國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文
8. 建築物室內裝修專業技術人員講習(下冊)，內政部營建署
9. 內政部建築研究所，2013，《建築技術規則》，中華建築文化交協會編印
10. 林憲德、歐文生、趙又嬋，2003，《建築裝修材料CO2排放量現況調查之研究》，內政部建築營建所
11. 林憲德，2000，《綠建築解說與評估手冊》，內政部建築研究所
12. 林憲德，2003，《熱濕氣候的綠色建築》，詹氏出版社
13. 林憲德，2009，《人居熱環境》，詹氏出版社
14. 葉欣誠，2006，《地球暖化怎麼辦? 請看「京都議定書的退燒妙方」》，新自然主義股份有限公司
15. 楊任徵等，1995，《抑制二氧化碳排放之能源策略研究計畫》，經濟部能源委員會
16. 經濟部工業局，2004，《工業溫室氣體盤查減量宣導手冊》
17. 經濟部工業局，2005，《工業溫室氣體排放量自願性盤查登錄與減量指引》
18. 經濟部能源局，2008，《能源產量溫室氣體盤查技術手冊-第二版》
19. 莊秉潔，1992，《溫室效應減緩計劃-1990 台灣地區溫室效應氣體調查》，行政院環保署
20. 張又升、鄭元良、林憲德、許茂雄，2002，《台灣建築物CO2排放量簡易評
估法之研究》，建築學報第41期，中華民國建築學會
21. Willam McDonnugh 、Michael Braungart，2008，從搖籃到搖籃:綠色經濟的設計提案，野人文化出版