有機磷酸耐燃劑(Organophosphate flame retardant, OPFRs)為一群化合物，具穩定性、耐燃及增塑等功能，自2011年歐盟正式公告禁用溴化耐燃劑(RoHS 2.0)以來，開始被許多國家採用，作為溴化耐燃劑之主要替代品。OPFRs屬於添加型耐燃劑，具半揮發性，產品使用及廢棄過程中可能因磨損、逸散或揮發遷移至環境中。各國研究指出於室內/外環境介質（空氣、懸浮顆粒物和灰塵/水、雪、土壤、底泥及遠洋空氣等）中皆可檢出OPFRs，而其於大氣中具持久性及遠距離傳輸之特性；同時在生物群、人類母乳、人體胎盤和尿液中亦可檢出OPFRs或其代謝物，具生物可利用性。近年來，動物研究發現部分OPFRs具有潛在的神經、腎臟、肝臟、生殖毒性、可能引起哮喘、過敏性鼻炎和可能具致癌性等不良健康效應。由於OPFRs毒性及廣泛使用於日常生活用品中，且人們平均有80-90％的時間待在室內環境中，人體可藉由吸入、攝入或皮膚接觸暴露OPFRs。因此，迫切需要調查國內室內環境介質中OPFRs濃度分布、可能來源及環境中影響因子，並評估國內敏感性族群（孩童）於室內環境中是否會接觸OPFRs及其暴露程度。
本研究於2018至2020年調查台南地區60間家戶及60位3-12歲孩童，簽署人體試驗同意書後，使用XAD-2空氣採樣管收集室內空氣樣本及專業吸塵器搭配特製金屬吸頭（內放置圓筒濾紙）收集家戶孩童主要活動空間及次要活動空間之灰塵樣本，以氣相層析質譜分析11種OPFRs。同時架設溫度、溼度監測儀及PM2.5採樣器，利用紅外線測距儀，量測空間、房門、窗戶、建材等尺寸。並以標準化問卷調查建築物特性、室內裝潢、生活習慣及孩童時間活動模式等，評估有機磷耐燃劑可能的來源、影響因子及孩童暴露情形。結果發現孩童主要及次要活動空間空氣中OPFRs皆以TCIPP（181.93±4.34 ng/m3 及 143.97±4.34 ng/m3）濃度最高，其次為TEP（26.30±4.17 ng/m3及19.46±3.42 ng/m3）、TiBP（22.81±3.71 ng/m3及19.50±2.90 ng/m3）及TBOEP （21.17±3.67 ng/m3及18.87 ± 3.71 ng/m3）。主要及次要活動空間灰塵中OPFRs皆以TBOEP （20.35±2.40 μg/g及20.82±2.32 μg/g）濃度最高、其次為TCIPP（1.16±3.36 μg/g及1.87±3.16 μg/g）、TDCIPP（1.00±3.62 μg/g及1.29±3.87 μg/g）及TPHP（0.90±3.54 μg/g及1.00±3.98 μg/g），主要及次要活動空間面積較大、有天花板破損或壁癌情形者、OPFRs應用之材質面積較大及電器數目較多之空間，室內空氣及灰塵中OPFRs濃度顯著較高(P<0.05)。主成分分析結果指出TCIPP於兩空間中為主要化合物，TDCIPP、TPHP及TBOEP化合物之間可能具有相似來源和/或物化特性。
以多重線性回歸分析並校正影響因子（溫度及濕度）後顯示，孩童主要活動空間中傢俱裝潢之木質及泡棉材質表面積與空氣中TEP濃度呈顯著正相關 (β=0.278, P=0.030；β=0.356, P=0.030)，傢俱裝潢之塑膠材質表面積與空氣中TBP濃度呈顯著正相關 (β=0.359, P=0.033)；次要活動空間中傢俱裝潢之木質材質表面積與空氣中TCIPP、TBOEP及Σ11OPFRs濃度呈顯著正相關 （β=0.308, P=0.012、β=0.345, P=0.007及β=0.395, P=0.001），傢俱裝潢之塑膠材質表面積與灰塵中TBOEP濃度呈顯著正相關 (β=0.382, P=0.013)。孩童主要活動空間中地板打掃頻率與空氣中TBOEP及灰塵中TPHP呈顯著負相關 （β=-0.325, P=0.012及β=-0.345, P=0.012），傢俱打掃頻率與空氣中TBOEP呈顯著負相關(β=-0.376, P=0.016)；次要活動空間中地板打掃頻率與空氣中TCIPP、TBOEP及Σ11OPFRs呈顯著負相關 （β=-0.325, P=0.012、β=-0.400, P=0.003及β=-0.315, P=0.025），與灰塵中TPHP呈顯著負相關 (β=-0.287, P=0.037)。孩童主要活動空間，室內溫度與空氣中TiBP、TCIPP及Σ11OPFRs呈顯著正相關（β=0.541, P<0.001、β=0.350, P=0.008及β=0.348, P=0.014）；與灰塵中TCIPP呈顯著負相關(β=-0.229, P=0.033)。次要活動空間，室內濕度與空氣中TiBP呈顯著負相關(β=-0.281, P=0.037)；與灰塵中TDCIPP、TPHP、TBOEP及Σ11OPFRs呈顯著正相關 （β=0.271, P=0.049、β=0.271, P=0.044、β=0.284, P=0.032及β=0.371, P=0.004）。
進一步探討各項影響室內空氣及灰塵中OPFRs濃度之預測因子，孩童主要活動空間，室內溫度與空氣中TCIPP及TBOEP呈顯著正相關 (β=0.516, P<0.001及β=0.644, P<0.001)。木製材質表面積與灰塵中TEP及TDCIPP呈顯著正相關（β=1.083, P=0.001及β=0.772, P=0.009）。泡棉材質表面積與灰塵中TDCIPP濃度呈顯著正相關(β=0.489, P=0.026)。次要活動空間，僅塑膠表面積與灰塵中TBOEP呈顯著正相關 (β=0.821, P<0.008)。25間同時調查暖季及冷季之家戶中孩童主要活動空間，空氣中Σ11OPFRs濃度於暖季皆高於冷季，其中TCEP (P=0.032)及TBOEP (P=0.001)呈顯著差異，灰塵中Σ11OPFRs濃度於冷季高於暖季，其中TiBP (P=0.045)具顯著差異。次要活動空間，空氣中Σ11OPFRs濃度於暖季高於冷季，其中TCEP (P=0.006)、TBEOP (P<0.001)及Σ11OPFRs (P=0.016)呈顯著差異，灰塵中Σ11OPFRs濃度於冷季高於暖季，其中TCIPP呈顯著差異(P=0.004)。最後，分別以3-<6歲孩童、6-12歲男生及6-12歲女生三個族群進行估算Σ11OPFRs之平均暴露劑量，經吸入途徑之平均暴露劑量分別為136.85、124.73及128.41 ng/kg bw/day；經攝入灰塵途徑之平均暴露劑量分別為15.34、11.61及13.07 ng/kg bw/day。
綜合上述結果，可知家戶中孩童主要及次要活動空間，空氣中OPFRs皆以TCIPP濃度最高，其次為TEP、TiBP及TBOEP；灰塵中OPFRs皆以TBOEP濃度最高，其次為TCIPP、TDCIPP及TPHP。孩童主要活動空間中，室內溫度為影響室內空氣中OPFRs濃度之重要因子，而木質及泡棉材質表面積為貢獻室內空氣及灰塵中OPFRs之重要來源；次要活動空間中，塑膠材質表面積為貢獻灰塵中OPFRs之重要來源。室內空氣及灰塵中OPFRs分布，可同時歸因於化合物之物化特性、室內環境特徵（溫度、濕度及PM2.5）及室內裝潢與家用消費性產品等多種可能的暴露來源及影響因子。3-12歲孩童OPFR暴露評估則發現吸入途徑為主要暴露途徑，但攝入灰塵之暴露途徑乃不可忽略，而其中以TBOEP、TPHP及TDCIPP為主要貢獻因子。

The objectives of present study are to explore the profile and distribution, possible sources and influence factors of OPFRs in the indoor environment and to assess the OPFRs exposure doses via indoor air and house dust for children. 60 children’s households and their residents (one child matched their caregiver) were randomly recruited in South Taiwan. TCIPP (181.93±4.34 ng/m3 and 143.97±4.34 ng/m3) and TBOEP (20.35±2.40 μg/g and 20.82±2.32 μg/g) are the dominant compounds in indoor air and house dust in the primary and secondary activity spaces, respectively. Principle component analysis (PCA) of OPFRs concentrations revealed that TCIPP was the most dominant compound in the two spaces. TDCIPP, TPHP and TBOEP compounds may have similar sources and/or physicochemical properties. For larger spaces, broken ceilings or wall mold, OPFRs applications, and more electrical appliances had significantly higher concentrations of OPFRs in indoor air and house dust than those space without them (P<0.05). The surface area of wood and foam materials and indoor temperature are important factors which affecting the OPFRs concentration in indoor air and house dust. The seasonal variations of OPFR concentrations in indoor air whereby higher concentrations were observed in warm season especially for TCIPP, TCEP, TDCIPP and TBOEP. Inhalation is the main pathway of children exposure to OPFRs but OPFR exposure through house dust ingestion cannot be ignored.

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