侵略型運動(Invasive Sports)中，當產生進攻權轉換時，進攻者與防守者隨時都有可能身份轉換。這樣特殊的關係造就了球員之間移動的高度關聯。透過觀察進攻防守成對組合的動態系統，可以觀測出人員移動的規律以及互動的原則。
籃球運動除了人員移動外，是以運球維持球權，使得進攻可以維持擁有傳、切、投三方面的最大威脅。過去的研究比較多種參數如相對速度、相對位置等參數後，尚不能明確的闡釋這樣的互動關係。研究指出以完成動作間隙之相對速度與相對位置的比值()作為防守者判斷欺瞞動作的 affordance（即可被運用之資訊或性質），在不同經驗水平的防守者於短距離變向的預測上會產生不同的影響。
本研究之實驗以動作捕捉裝置以及虛擬實境環境的設置，重現並重複不同任務之場景，試圖延續橄欖球橫向切入(Brault, Bideau, Kulpa, Craig, & Gribble, 2012) 研究的成果，驗證並探討防守者對籃球突破換手運球的欺瞞動作之判斷，是否同樣受下列訊號作爲值時的影響：身體質心位置水平方向偏移量(C.O.M M/L)、外側腳水平方向偏移(outfoot M/L)、上半身旋轉(uppertrunk yaw)、頭部旋轉(head yaw)。另外比較不同經驗水平間，若是在預判的表現上有顯著差異時，其對於不同訊號間的影響是否也有組間差異。
結果顯示現役大專籃球運動員(一般組以上資歷)與無校隊資歷的受試者，無論是面對欺瞞動作或是真實動作，在欺瞞動作的預測上皆無顯著差異。若以邏輯回歸分析受試者成功預判的機率是否受到組別、值的影響，結果顯示顯示 C.O.M M/L、OF M/L、head yaw、uppertrunk yaw 皆與預判結果有顯著關聯，判斷準確率隨C.O.M M/L、head yaw、uppertrunk yaw 數值增大而增加並在OF M/L下降時降低，雖未達顯著，但校隊組較一般組有較高機率預測成功。以達到 50%正確預測機率時之值爲臨界數值(critical value)，兩組達到臨界值的預期時間在四個訊號下皆無顯著差異。
研究結果顯示判斷準確利用的確與橄欖球實驗中的訊號之值有關係，但由於校隊組與一般組預測的表現無顯著差異，另外兩者對於訊號的影響也無組別間的差異，因此對於不同經驗水平的籃球運動員是否因專注於不同的訊號而達到更好的預判準確率，尚需要在考慮更大的經驗水平差距(職業)、不同的一對一攻守組合的接近速度、更多運動學參數的的情況下以及更長的檢測時間，方能得到更直接的證據。

Background: Experimental evidence has shown that utilization of the tau signal (defined as the distance between two objects divided by their relative speed) helps elite athletes in invasive games of sports to perform better in predicting the final cutting direction of an attacker (whose movement direction may be changed). Elite players are found to focus more on the honest signal while novice players are more prone to be affected by deceptive signals. Moreover, by utilizing tau signals, the time to achieve the critical value of tau (which corresponds to the prediction accuracy of > 50%) is significantly shorter for the elite group, implying quicker reaction toward better prediction accuracy.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine whether elite college basketball players are able to perform better at predicting the final cutting direction of a dribbling basketball attacker by utilizing tau signals.
Methods: One UBA (University Basketball Association) male basketball athlete was asked to perform both non-deceptive and deceptive cutting dribbles in a motion capture environment. Another eight UBA basketball players and 8 college students with no UBA experience participated in this study. After wearing a head mounted display to watch the dribbling animation (in a virtual reality environment) which was stopped randomly at various time instants, the participants were asked to guess the final cutting direction. A mixed-deign ANOVA (between group, within occlusions, within deceptive/non-deceptive) were conducted for the accuracy of prediction. Additionally, a binary logistic regression test was carried out to test whether group and various tau signals at the time of occlusion can be used to predict the final cutting direction. Lastly, if the tau signals were a significant predictor for both groups, a student t-test would be carried out to test whether there existed difference for the time to achieve the critical tau value representing exceeding the prediction accuracy of 50%.
Results: The elite group did not demonstrate significantly better prediction accuracy under both deceptive and non-deceptive movements. An interaction between occlusion time and movement type was found. For deceptive trials the prediction accuracy increased significantly overtime, yet for non-deceptive trials prediction accuracy decreased overtime. Logistic regression test showed that for the tau signal of COM M/L, head yaw and upper trunk yaw, odds of a correct prediction increased significantly with increasing tau signal. For the tau signal of OF M/L, odds of a correct prediction decreased significantly with increase tau signal. Neither of the four signals showed significant difference in odds of having correct prediction between groups. Student t-test about estimated times to critical tau value of 50% predict accuracy showed no significant difference between groups for the four signals.
Conclusion: Within our trial interval (0-400 ms after first inner-foot contact) and the group selection criteria, the elite group showed no difference in predicting accuracy. The follow-up logistic regression test and estimated time to critical tau value also showed no difference between groups, which was in line with our findings about the performance of movement direction prediction. To better clarify whether elite basketball player can perform better at predicting the final cutting direction by utilizing various tau signals, longer duration of trials and stricter group selection criteria would need to be employed.

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