隨著無線網際網路廣泛覆蓋與智慧型手機大量普及，使業者可以提供「即時」的服務，加上2008年金融危機嚴重影響全球經濟，消費者試圖減少支出並創造額外收入。因此，共享經濟(Sharing economy)的商業模式如雨後春筍般出現，使得閒置資源能夠更有效的利用，例如：交通產業、房屋租賃業等。其中共享經濟的概念運用在交通產業，其影響層面甚鉅。獲利型共享服務平台(Ride-sourcing services)的興起使全球交通產業出現革命性之變化，除了衝擊原有的產業結構外，更對政府和社會帶來了諸多的問題。「如何找到兼具產業發展以及消費者保護的平衡點」成為了一項管制政策的難題，面對獲利型共享平台所產生的複雜法律問題以及社會影響，許多國家抱持著不同的態度與做法，以德國、法國、西班牙與台灣為例，在全境內幾乎禁止提供此種創新服務，然而，也有某些國家和地區接受此種創新服務，例如：新加坡、中國、菲律賓和美國加州。本研究以新加坡、菲律賓、中國、日本與台灣在內的五個亞洲經濟體作為案例研究。運用質性比較研究之方法，以經濟管制和社會管制為研究架構，歸納五種要素包含「供給與需求」、「交易成本」、「外部性」、「安全」和「隱私」，並針對各個經濟體的五個要素進行比較研究，且進一步分析此五種要素如何影響各國對於獲利行共享平台的管制態度與做法。除此之外，本研究也分別探討獲利型共享平台如何影響該國之交通產業、該國政府如何應對此創新服務以及其所帶來的法律與社會議題。
在經濟管制方面，獲利型共乘服務平衡了供需，即時感應整個城市的需求，並鼓勵更多的司機在尖峰時段進入市場。這些服務通過應用程式連結乘客與司機，降低了交易成本並提高了市場效率，並給社會和計程車行業帶來了負面的外部性問題。在社會管制方面，讓獲利型共乘服務合法化的國家皆制定的相關的安全標準，以保護顧客權益；而兩起隱私相關事件迫使所有獲利型共乘服務公司加強其對顧客的隱私保護。本研究歸納出政府面對獲利型共享服務平台時，會根據現有計程車市場的供需情況決定服務是否合法化，並有三類應對方式：第一類為接受創新服務平台之經營模式，在法規內設立新的產業分類，並制定平台相關管制與安全規範；第二類為在既有的產業分類中，調整規範以適應新的服務；第三類則是依現有法規，強制要求平台停止獲利型共乘服務，並祭出高額的罰金。最終，本研究認為應該以一種不妨礙創新並保護消費者的方式，監管這類新的服務。透過競爭讓業者有動力去追求更高的品質，以便政府能夠為整個社會創造更高的效益。

With the widespread usage of the Internet and smartphones, the rise of ride-sourcing services offers new avenues for creating wealth but challenges existing incumbents and regulation structures. Ride-sourcing is an app-based on-demand ride service that matches passengers and drivers with unused vehicles and spare time to create extra income. Facing multiple legal and social hurdles in ride-sourcing, many countries, for example, Germany, France, Spain, and Taiwan have (nearly) banned such services nationwide. However, some countries and areas such as China, the Philippines, and California embrace these innovative services. This study examines the economic and social regulations of ride-sourcing services in Asia, and five analysis criteria, including supply and demand, transaction cost, externalities, safety, and privacy are adopted as the research framework. Five economies, including Asia, Singapore, Philippines, China, Japan, and Taiwan are used as case studies to investigate how ride-sourcing service influences transportation incumbents, how governments respond to this innovative service, and what legal and social issues this service has generated.
The main results are summarized as follows: When faced with ride-sourcing services, these governments made decisions on the legalization of the services mainly based on the supply and demand in the existing taxi market. In cases where taxi services were oversupplied, ride-sourcing services were made illegal. In cases where there was an excess demand for taxi services, these services were legalized to effectively resolve the shortage of taxi services. There were two methods used to legalize ride-sourcing services: revising the existing regulations to accommodate the new services and adding a new service classification in the existing regulations. On the economic regulation side, ride-sourcing services balanced the supply and demand with raises prices, responded to the real-time demand across the city, and encouraged more drivers to enter the market during rush hour. The services reduced transaction costs and made the market more efficient by reducing searching costs via an algorithm matching customers’ requests with available drivers. Some positive externality effects occurred but brought other negative externality problems to both the society and taxi industry. On the social regulation side, the countries that made ride-sourcing services legal set safety standards on company and driver qualifications in order to protect customers. Two privacy invasion incidents forced all ride-sourcing companies to strengthen their private protections. Finally, this study provides feasible regulatory guidelines that governments could adopt when considering legalization of ride-sourcing services.

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