族群內個體與個體之間表現型的差異，主要是來自於個體間的DNA多型性，而DNA的多型性差異主要則是透過不同的蛋白質活性或不同的表現量差異來影響表型的變異。實驗發現兩個不同族群的酵母菌 (野生菌株RM11與實驗室菌株BY4743) 有著不同的酒精耐受度，本論文主要就是探討不同品系酵母菌對於酒精的耐受程度是有差異性存在的，這個差異性又是受到那些因子的影響。本研究檢測881個酵母菌已知的酒精耐受性基因在不同酵母菌 (BY與RM) 間的序列差異，分析結果顯示BY與RM在145個已知酒精耐受性基因中有胺基酸的差異，不過這些胺基酸的差異大多位在蛋白質的功能性區塊之外，只有2個基因 (YDL226C及YER028C) 其差異的胺基酸是坐落在功能性區塊之中，比較特別的是YER028C基因，在酵母菌中有蛋白質差異的胺基酸是位在鋅指蛋白的位置，且YER028C是轉錄因子。另一方面為了了解表現量差異對不同酒精耐受度差異所造成的影響，利用RNA定序技術檢視酒精壓力下BY和RM兩種不同品系酵母菌基因表現量差異，實驗結果顯示有1041個基因在BY和RM間有表現量差異。進一步分析顯示這1041個有表現量差異的基因中有148個基因是已知的酒精耐受性基因，因此這些基因的表現量差異有可能是造成RM比BY酵母菌有更高酒精耐受度的原因，然而在這些有表現量差異的基因中應該也有過去尚未被發現的酒精耐受相關基因。在1041個有表現量差異的基因中有63個RM/BY表現量差異達2倍以上的基因，而這63個RM/BY表現量差異達2倍以上的基因中有18個基因是已知的酒精耐受性基因，因此剩下的45個基因有非常大的可能性是過去尚未被發現的酒精耐受相關基因，進一步對這45個基因進行細部的個別功能分析，分析結果發現與已知的881個酒精耐受性基因的功能群是相類似的。此外，研究結果也發現BY和RM兩種不同品系的酵母菌在酒精壓力的環境下，BY和RM間的基因表現量多型性主要是受到同序列調控因子變異性效應的影響。

DNA sequence polymorphisms often lead to phenotypic variations and differences in protein activities and functions. In this study, I examined yeast species of wild type strain RM11 and laboratory strain BY4743 with different levels of ethanol tolerance, and explored possible causing factors by investigating protein coding sequences of the 881 known ethanol tolerance genes between RM and BY, of which 145 genes showed amino acid differences. Nevertheless, most amino acid sequence variations are located outside the functional protein domain, except for YDL226C and YER028C. Interestingly, YER028C is a transcription factor and the amino acid differences of the YER028C gene are located in the zinc finger domain of the protein. Further to characterize the impacts of gene expression differences on the ethanol tolerance trait, I conducted transcriptome sequencing experiments. Under the ethanol stress, 1,041 genes showed expression divergence between BY and RM; 148 of them were known ethanol tolerance gen0es. Besides, 63 genes displayed two-fold expression difference in RM, including 18 known ethanol tolerance genes, likely contribute to the differential ethanol tolerance difference between strains. Accordingly, the impact of the remaining 45 genes for ethanol tolerance need to be further investigated. Genetic variation likely due to cis variation may be responsible for the gene expression differences between BY and RM under ethanol stress.

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