氣候變遷和污染帶來的緊迫挑戰凸顯了一個重大威脅，強調迫切需要從根本上改變消費者習慣，特別是在二手商品領域。線上線下平台都見證了人們積極尋找二手產品的趨勢。二手市場的激增激發了相當大的研究興趣，但仍存在一個關鍵問題：參與這些購買的潛在客戶的人口特徵是什麼？這項調查是我們目前調查的焦點，因為各種研究已經記錄了 PDB 對消費者行為的影響，但對消費者的權力距離信念如何影響他們購買二手商品的偏好的了解有限。因此，我們的研究致力於探討權力距離信念（PDB）對個人購買二手產品意願的影響。我們的研究結果表明，PDB 較高的個體往往更喜歡新產品而不是二手產品，而 PDB 較低的個體在新產品和二手產品之間沒有表現出顯著的偏好。這些見解為二手產業的管理者和行銷人員提供了可行的建議，使他們能夠根據 PDB 等級（高 PDB 與低 PDB）客製化策略來迎合不同的客戶群。

The pressing challenges posed by climate change and pollution highlight a significant threat, emphasizing the urgent need for a fundamental shift in consumer habits, particularly in the realm of pre-owned goods. Both online and offline platforms witness a growing trend where individuals actively seek secondhand products. This surge in the secondhand market has spurred considerable research interest, yet a critical question remains: what are the demographic characteristics of potential customers engaging in these purchases? This inquiry serves as the focal point of our current investigation, as various studies have documented the influence of PDB on consumer behaviors but there's a limited understanding of how consumers' power distance belief influence their preference for buying used goods. Thus, our research endeavors to explore the impact of power distance belief (PDB) on individuals' intentions to purchase second-hand products. Our findings suggest that individuals with high PDB tend to favor new products over second-hand ones, while those with low PDB show no significant preference between new and second-hand products. These insights offer actionable implications for managers and marketers operating in the second-hand industry, allowing them to tailor strategies to cater to different customer segments based on their PDB levels (high PDB vs. low PDB).

Abbey, J. D., Meloy, M. G., Guide Jr, V. D. R., & Atalay, S. (2015). Remanufactured products in closed‐loop supply chains for consumer goods. Production and Operations Management, 24(3), 488-503.
Bae, S. (2023). Consumers' responses to hotels’ donation of rooms to homeless people: The impact of political ideology. Tourism Management, 95, 104678.
Bae, S., Truong, N., & Ng, S. (2021). “It Is Still Someone Else’S!” the Effect of Implicit Theories on the Consumption of Pre-Owned Goods. ACR North American Advances.
Bond, E. W. (1982). A Direct Test of the "Lemons" Model: The Market for Used Pickup Trucks. The American Economic Review, 72(4), 836-840. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1810022
Carl, D., Gupta, V., & Javidan, M. (2004). Power distance. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of, 62(2004), 513-563.
Choi, H., & Kim, J.-W. (2006). An empirical study of the effect of uncertainty avoidance on post-adoption behavior: Focusing on mobile internet services. Asia pacific journal of information systems, 16(3), 95-116.
Chu, H., & Liao, S. (2007). Exploring consumer resale behavior in C2C online auctions: taxonomy and influences on consumer decisions. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2007, 1.
Communications, D. (1988). Newsfront. Data Communications.
Dai, Y., Li, H., Xie, W., & Deng, T. (2022). Power distance belief and workplace communication: The mediating role of fear of authority. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(5), 2932.
Dimoka, A., Hong, Y., & Pavlou, P. A. (2012). On product uncertainty in online markets: Theory and evidence. MIS quarterly, 395-426.
Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. (1991). Effects of price, brand, and store information on buyers’ product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(3), 307-319.
Doney, P. M., Cannon, J. P., & Mullen, M. R. (1998). Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust. Academy of management review, 23(3), 601-620.
Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. (1988). Dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns: Hofstede revisited. Advances in international comparative management, 3(1), 127-150.
Erasmus, A. C., Makgopa, M. M., & Kachale, M. G. (2005). The paradox of progress: inexperienced consumers’ choice of major household appliances. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 33.
Fang, Y. H., Chiu, C. M., & Wang, E. T. (2011). Understanding customers' satisfaction and repurchase intentions: An integration of IS success model, trust, and justice. Internet Research, 21(4), 479-503.
Ferraro, C., Sands, S., & Brace-Govan, J. (2016). The role of fashionability in second-hand shopping motivations. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 32, 262-268.
Fischer, D., Böhme, T., & Geiger, S. M. (2017). Measuring young consumers’ sustainable consumption behavior: Development and validation of the YCSCB scale. Young consumers, 18(3), 312-326.
Freeman, P. (July 16, 1999). Low Computer Prices Reshape Secondhand Market. Puget Sound Business Journal.
Gao, H., Winterich, K. P., & Zhang, Y. (2016). All that glitters is not gold: How others’ status influences the effect of power distance belief on status consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(2), 265-281.
Gao, H., & Zhang, Y. (2022). How does power distance belief impact consumers’ responses to demotion in hierarchical loyalty programs? The dual processes of monetary and psychological losses. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 50(4), 822-840.
Genesove, D. (1993). Adverse Selection in the Wholesale Used Car Market. Journal of Political Economy, 101(4), 644-665. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138742
George A, A. (1978). 15 - THE MARKET FOR “LEMONS”: QUALITY UNCERTAINTY AND THE MARKET MECHANISM**The author would especially like to thank Thomas Rothenberg for invaluable comments and inspiration. In addition he is indebted to Roy Radner, Albert Fishlow, Bernard Saffran, William D. Nordhaus, Giorgio La Malfa, Charles C. Holt, John Letiche, and the referee for help and suggestions. He would also like to thank the Indian Statistical Institute and the Ford Foundation for financial support. In D. Peter & R. Michael (Eds.), Uncertainty in Economics (pp. 235-251). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-214850-7.50022-X
George, D., & Mallery, P. (1999). SPSS for windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. Contemporary Psychology, 44, 100-100.
Glazer, S. (2021). Organizational role ambiguity as a proxy for uncertainty avoidance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 85, 1-12.
Han, D., Lalwani, A. K., & Duhachek, A. (2017). Power distance belief, power, and charitable giving. Journal of Consumer Research, 44(1), 182-195.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach, 1(6), 12-20.
Herjanto, H., & Hendriana, H. (2020). The effect of acculturation attitude on second-hand clothes purchases. International Journal of Business and Society, 21(2), 540-552.
Herjanto, H., Scheller-Sampson, J., & Erickson, E. (2016). The increasing phenomenon of second-hand clothes purchase: Insights from the literature. Jurnal manajemen dan kewirausahaan, 18(1), 1-15.
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values (Vol. 5). sage.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. sage.
Hur, E. (2020). Rebirth fashion: Secondhand clothing consumption values and perceived risks. Journal of cleaner production, 273, 122951.
Hwang, B.-J., Hwang, I.-S., & Shen, C.-Y. (2008). Performance evaluation of multi-guard channel schemes in broadband mobile networks Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Technology, Applications, and Systems, Yilan, Taiwan. https://doi.org/10.1145/1506270.1506294
Hwang, Y. (2009). The impact of uncertainty avoidance, social norms and innovativeness on trust and ease of use in electronic customer relationship management. Electronic Markets, 19(2), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-009-0007-1
Iizuka, T. (2007). An empirical analysis of planned obsolescence. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 16(1), 191-226.
Jackson, T. (2014). Sustainable consumption. In Handbook of sustainable development (pp. 279-290). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Johnson, J. P., & Waldman, M. (2003). Leasing, lemons, and buybacks. RAND Journal of Economics, 247-265.
Kim, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2011). Does power-distance influence consumers’ preference for luxury status brands? BUILDING CONNECTIONS, 39, 511.
Lalwani, A. K., & Forcum, L. (2016). Does a dollar get you a dollar’s worth of merchandise? The impact of power distance belief on price-quality judgments. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(2), 317-333.
Lee, H., & Lalwani, A. K. (2024). Power Distance Belief and Consumer Purchase Avoidance: Exploring the Role of Cultural Factors in Retail Dynamics. Journal of Marketing Research, 61(2), 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437231182600
Lee, H., Lalwani, A. K., & Wang, J. J. (2020). Price no object!: The impact of power distance belief on consumers’ price sensitivity. Journal of Marketing, 84(6), 113-129.
Lee, K. A. a. E. (2022). Cover Story: Rising prices, rising inequality. The Edge Malaysia.
Lewis, J. D., & Weigert, A. (1985). Trust as a social reality. Social forces, 63(4), 967-985.
Li, S., Srinivasan, K., & Sun, B. (2009). Internet auction features as quality signals. Journal of Marketing, 73(1), 75-92.
Liu, H. T., & Tsaur, R.-C. (2020). The theory of reasoned action applied to green smartphones: Moderating effect of government subsidies. Sustainability, 12(15), 5979.
MacWorld. (1997). The Software-Upgrade Paradox. MacWorld, 14(18).
Miller, C. J., & Brannon, D. C. (2022). Pursuing premium: Comparing pre-owned versus new durable markets. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 31(1), 1-15.
Miller Jr, H. L. (1974). On killing off the market for used textbooks and the relationship between markets for new and secondhand goods. Journal of Political Economy, 82(3), 612-619.
Mont, O., & Plepys, A. (2008). Sustainable consumption progress: should we be proud or alarmed? Journal of cleaner production, 16(4), 531-537.
Oyserman, D. (2006). High power, low power, and equality: Culture beyond individualism and collectivism. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(4), 352-356.
Padmavathy, C., Swapana, M., & Paul, J. (2019). Online second-hand shopping motivation–Conceptualization, scale development, and validation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 19-32.
Perry, B. L., Aronson, B., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2021). Pandemic precarity: COVID-19 is exposing and exacerbating inequalities in the American heartland. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(8), e2020685118. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7923675/pdf/pnas.202020685.pdf
Porter, R. H., & Sattler, P. (1999). Patterns of trade in the market for used durables: Theory and evidence. In: National bureau of economic research Cambridge, Mass., USA.
Pressman, S. (2019). Consequences of Inequality Will Strike Everyone Indiscriminately. the globe post.
Purohit, D. (1992). Exploring the relationship between the markets for new and used durable goods: The case of automobiles. Marketing Science, 11(2), 154-167.
Reichardt, C. S. (2002). review of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference, by William R. Shadish, Thomas D. Cook, and Donald T. Campbell. Social Service Review, 76, 510-514.
Schlenker, B. R., Helm, B., & Tedeschi, J. T. (1973). The effects of personality and situational variables on behavioral trust. Journal of personality and social psychology, 25(3), 419.
Shavitt, S., Lalwani, A. K., Zhang, J., & Torelli, C. J. (2006). The horizontal/vertical distinction in cross‐cultural consumer research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(4), 325-342.
Srite, M., & Karahanna, E. (2006). The role of espoused national cultural values in technology acceptance. MIS quarterly, 679-704.
Stobart, J., Van Damme, I., & Van Damme, I. (2010). Modernity and the second-hand trade: European consumption cultures and practices, 1700-1900. Springer.
Sweeny, J., Soutar, G., & Johnson, L. W. (1999). The role of perceived risk in the quality-value relationship. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(September), 271-280.
Tu, L. L., Kwon, J., & Gao, H. (2022). Heart or mind? The impact of power distance belief on the persuasiveness of cognitive versus affective appeals in education marketing messages. Journal of Marketing Research, 59(1), 173-190.
Wang, B., Fu, Y., & Li, Y. (2022). Young consumers’ motivations and barriers to the purchase of second-hand clothes: An empirical study of China. Waste Management, 143, 157-167. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X22001039?via%3Dihub
Wang, J. J., Lalwani, A. K., & DelVecchio, D. (2022). The impact of Power Distance Belief on consumers' brand preferences. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 39(3), 804-823.
Wang, J. J., Torelli, C. J., & Lalwani, A. K. (2020). The interactive effect of power distance belief and consumers’ status on preference for national (vs. private-label) brands. Journal of Business Research, 107, 1-12.
Wang, Y., Wiegerinck, V., Krikke, H., & Zhang, H. (2013). Understanding the purchase intention towards remanufactured product in closed-loop supply chains: An empirical study in China. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(10), 866-888.
Webb, D. J., Mohr, L. A., & Harris, K. E. (2008). A re-examination of socially responsible consumption and its measurement. Journal of business research, 61(2), 91-98.
Williams, T. G. (2002). Social class influences on purchase evaluation criteria. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 19(3), 249-276.
Winterich, K. P., Gangwar, M., & Grewal, R. (2018). When celebrities count: Power distance beliefs and celebrity endorsements. Journal of Marketing, 82(3), 70-86.
Winterich, K. P., & Zhang, Y. (2014). Accepting inequality deters responsibility: How power distance decreases charitable behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(2), 274-293.
Xu, Y., Chen, Y., Burman, R., & Zhao, H. (2014). Second‐hand clothing consumption: a cross‐cultural comparison between A merican and C hinese young consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 38(6), 670-677.
Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of CVSCALE. Journal of international consumer marketing, 23(3-4), 193-210.
Yoon, S. W., & Yoon, C.-H. (2018). On the impossibility of sustainable growth in a manufacturing based economy. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 31(1), 1526-1538.
Zahid, N. M., Khan, J., & Tao, M. (2023). Exploring mindful consumption, ego involvement, and social norms influencing second-hand clothing purchase. Current Psychology, 42(16), 13960-13974.
Zhang, Y., Winterich, K. P., & Mittal, V. (2010). Power distance belief and impulsive buying. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(5), 945-954.