十九世紀末二十世紀初期，美國社會在各方面都發生了相當大的變革。社會上有許多社會改革紛紛而起，其中女性服裝改革運動對於女性的解放非常重要。吉爾曼也是女性服裝改革運動的一員，《女性服飾》是其服裝改革之理論專書。吉爾曼的小說:《她鄉》和《我鄉有她: 她鄉續集》充滿其服裝改革理念。男性在《她鄉》中，穿上她鄉的服飾，性別意識改變之旅。改變成功的男性角色Van，與她鄉的女性Ellador回到Ourland，共同為社會改革努力。本論文將重讀此兩本小說，研究吉爾曼的服裝改革理論如何在此兩本小說中體現。本論文之宗旨為藉由研究吉爾曼此兩本小說，了解吉爾曼對服裝改革的理念—她認為女性服裝改革不僅是改革衣服樣式，而是促使男性與女性，改革衣著背後的性別意識。透過男性與女性改革其性別意識，兩性共同合作，從事社會改革，邁向一個更好的社會。本研究的第一章介紹研究動機，第二章分析《她鄉》中男性性別意識之轉變，與她鄉如何建置一個無性別意識的理想世界。第三章延續第二章的討論，不再將服裝視為服裝本身，而進一步深入探討，服裝背後的性別意識。分析《我鄉中有她》，探討透過兩性性別意識的轉變，如何改變社會。本論文結論以為吉爾曼的女性服裝改革理念，並非只重視服裝樣式的改變，而是企圖改變服飾背後的性別意識，其最終的目標是全面性的社會改革。當兩性具有正確的性別意識，並共同努力，從事社會改革，以讓社會更進步。

At the turn of the nineteenth century, American society underwent many changes. There were many social reforms; among which women’s dress reform was important for the liberation of women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was one of the leaders of dress reformer. The Dress of Women contains her theories on dress reform. Gilman’s novels, Herland and With Her in Ourland, are full of Gilman’s ideas of dress reform. The Dress of Women and these two novels are read as a whole to discuss how Gilman’s ideas of the dress reform are carried out in her fiction writing. In Herland, the men put on women’s dress to modify their gender ideology. In With Her in Ourland, the new man, Van, with Ellador comes back to Ourland to make social reforms. This thesis analyzes Herland and With Her in Ourland in order to argue that for Gilman, the ultimate goal of dress reform will need both men’s and women’s transformations in their gender ideology to make a better society. The introduction explains the motivation of the study. Chapter Two will analyze Herland from the perspectives of men’s transformation in their gender ideology brought by the change of dress and the ideal land in terms of gender ideology. Chapter Three will analyze With Her in Ourland to discuss how the changed gender ideology will alter the social institutions. This thesis will conclude that for Gilman, the dress reform must not only reform the dress style but also the gender ideology. Gilman believes that the changed gender ideology will bring changed behaviors of men and women. New men and new women will need to work together to make social changes and construct a better society.

Works Cited

Allen, Judith A. “Reconfiguring Vice: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Prostitution, and Frontier Sexaul Contracts.” Charlotte Perkins Gilman Optimist Reformer. Ed. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1999. 173-194.

Banner, Lois W. Women in modern America : A Brief History. Australia: Thomson, 2005.

Bennett, Bridget. “Pockets of Resistance: Some Notes Towards the Exploration of Gender and Genre Boundaries in Herland. ” A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Ed. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool U P,1998. 38-53.

Chang, Li-Wen. “Economics, Evolution, and Feminism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Utopian Fiction.” Women’s Studies 39.4 (2010): 319-348.

Deegan, Mary Jo. “Introduction: Gilman’s Sociological Journey from Herland to Ourland.”With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. Ed. Mary Jo Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997. 1-49.

Degler, Carl N. “Charlotte Perkins Gilman on the Theory and Practice of Feminism Author(s).” American Quarterly 8.1 (1956): 21-39.

De Simone, Deborah M. “Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Educational Reform.” Charlotte Perkins Gilman Optimist Reformer. Ed. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1999.127-147.
Donawerth Jane. Frankenstein’s Daughters: Women Writing Science Fiction. New York: Syravuse UP, 1997.

Du Bois, Ellen. “The Radicalism of the Woman Suffrage Movement: Notes Toward the Reconstruction of Nineteenth Century Feminism.” Feminist Studies 3.1(1975): 63-71.

Egan, Maureen L. “Evolutionary Theory in the Social Philosophy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman” Hypatia 4.1: 102-119.

Eicher, Joanne B.. “Definition and Classification of Dress: Implications for Analysis of Gender Roles.” Dress and Gender: Making and Meaning in Cultural Contexts. Eds. Ruth Barnes and Joanne Bubolz Eicher. New York: Berg, 1997. 8-28.

Feusahrens, Ellen. “Exercising Influence, Hoping for Change: Sarah Orne Jewett, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Zitkala-Sa Negotiate Feminism at the Turn of the Century.” Diss.Montana University, 2007.

Fischer, Gayle V, Pantaloons & Power: a Nineteenth-Century Dress Reform in the United States. Ohio: Kent State University Press,
2001.

Fisher, Jerilyn. “When Women Shape the World: Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Herland (1915).”Women in Literature: Reading Through the Lens of Gender. Eds. Jerilyn Fisher and Ellen S.Silber. Westport: Greenwood P, 2003. 137-140.

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Dress of Women: A Critical Introduction to the Symbolism and Sociology of Clothing. Ed. Michael R. Hill and Mary Jo Deegan. London: Greenwood Press, 2002.
---. Herland. New York: Pantheon, 1979.
---. With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. London: Praeger, 1997.

Golden, Catherine J. “Caging the Beast: The Radical Treatment for ‘Excessive Maleness’ in Gilman’s Fiction.” The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Catherine J Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. London: Associated UP, 2000. 123-132.

Hausman, Bernice L. “Sex Before Gender: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and The Evolutionary Paradigm of Utopia.” Feminist Studies 24.3 (1998): 488-510.

Hill, Michael R., and Mary Jo Deegan.“Introductions: Charlotte Perkins Gilman on the Symbolism and Sociology of Clothing.” Introduction. The Dress of Women. By Charlotte Perkins Gilman. London: Greenwood Press, 2002.x-xiii.
---. “Introduction: Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Sociological Perspectives on Ethics and Society.” Introduction. Social Ethics: Sociology and the Future of Society. By Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Eds. Michael R. Hill and Mary Jo Deegan. Westport: Praeger, 2004. ix-xx.

Hsu, Hui-Chi. “Discourses on Dress Reform and Beyond—Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s ‘Dress of Women’ and Its Critical Implication.” EurAmerica (2008): 307-361. (In Chinese)

Hudak, Jennifer. “The Social Inventor: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the (Re) Production of Perfection.” Women’s Studies 32.4 (2003): 455-477.

Hudson, Jennifer A. “The “Bi-Sexual Race” Mediating Masculine and Feminine Discourses in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Herland, With Her in Ourland, and Beyond.” Journal of Bisexuality 5.4 (2006): 7-17.
Johnson-Bogart, Kim. “The Utopian Imagination of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Reconstruction of Meaning in ‘Herland’”. Pacific Coast Philology 27.1 (1992):85-92.

Johnson, Kristin M. “Oversimplified men: a striking comparison to society in the 21st century.” Diss. Western Oregon University, 2009.

Kella, Liz. Rev. of The Feminist Utopian Novels of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Themes of Sexuality, Marriage and Motherhood, by Chloe Avril. Nordic Journal of English Studies 8.3 (2009): 203-207.

Kesselman, Amy. “The ‘Freedom Suit’: Feminism and Dress Reform in the United States, 1848-1875.” Gender and Society 5.4(1991): 495-510.

Kessler, Carol Farley. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Her Progress Toward Utopia with Selected Writings. New York: Syracuse UP, 1995.

Kohler, Angelika. “Charged with Ambiguity: The Image of New Women in American Cartoons.” New Woman Hybridities: Feminity, Feminism and International Consumer Culture,1880-1930. Ed. Ann Heilmann and Margaret Beethan. New York: Routledge, 2004.158-178.
Kriebl, Karen J. “From Bloomers to Flappers: The American Women’s Dress Reform Movement, 1840-1920.” Diss. Ohio State University, 1998.

Lane, Ann J. To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1997.
---. “Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Rights of Women: Her Legacy for the 1990s.” Charlotte Perkins Gilman Optimist Reformer. Ed. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1999. 3-15.

Nelson, Jennifer Ladd. “Dress Reform and the Bloomer.” Journal of America & Comparative Culture 23.1 (2004): 21-25.

Paoletti, Jo B. “Clothing and Gender in America: Children’s Fashions, 1890-1920” Women and the Political Process in the United States 13.1(1987):136-143.

Robinson, Lillian S. “Killing Patriarchy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the Murder Mystery, and Post-Feminist.” Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 10.2 (1991): 273-285.

Rudnick, Louis. “Feminist Utopian Visions and the “New Women”: Jane Addams and Charlotte Perkins Gilman.” Gender, I-deology: Essays on Theory, Fiction and Film. Eds. Chantal Cornut-Gentille D'Arcy,José Ańgel Garciá Landa. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996.181-193.

Sabancı, Gamze. “Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Re-Creation of Masculinity.” Epiphany: Journal of the Faculty of Artsand Social Sciences 3 (2009): 31-61.

Sacaridiz, Pam. “Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Humanist.” Verdandi 4 (2002-2002): 68-74.

Sarvasy, Wendy. “Social Citizenship from a Feminist Perspective.” Hypatia 12.4 (1997): 54-73.

Schneider, Dorothy, and Carl J. Schneider. American women in the Progressive Era,1900-1920. New York: Facts on File, 1993.

Seitler, Dana. “Unnatural Selection: Mothers, Eugenic Feminism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Regeneration Narratives.” American Quarterley 55.1(2003): 61-88.

Sheth, Falguni A. and Prasch, Robert E. “Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Reassessing Her Significance for Feminism and Social Economics.” Rev. of The Utopian Imagination of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Reconstruction of Meaning in Herland By Kim Johnson -Bogart. Social Economy 54.3 (1996): 323-335.

Singer-Wilson, Layah. “Utopia in Action: Mapping an Ideal Humanist World.” Canadian Women Studies 20.4 (2001): 156-159.

Strange, Lisa S. “The Bicycle, Women’s Rights, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.” Women’s Studies 31.5 (2002): 609-626.

Terry, James L. “Bringing Women... In: A Modest Proposal.” Teaching Sociology 10.2 (1993): 251-261.

Vertinsky, Patricia. “Feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Pursuit of Health and Physical Fitness As a Strategy for Emancipation.” Journal of Sport History 16.1 (1989): 5-26.

Wegener, Frederick. “‘What a Comfort a Woman Doctor Is!’ Medical Women in the Life and Writing of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.” Charlotte Perkins Gilman Optimist Reformer. Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1999. 45-73.

Welter, Barbara. “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860.” American Quarterly 18.2 (1996):151-174.

Williams, Lisa Ganobcsik. “The Intellectualism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Evolutionary Perspective on Race, Ethnicity, and Class.” Charlotte Perkins Gilman Optimist Reformer. Ed. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1999.16-41.

Wrisley, Melyssa. “Myself as a Self: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and American Dress Reform 1875-1889.” Susan B. Anthony and the Struggle for Equal Rights: Women History Conference. New York: U of Rochester, 2006.
---.“Fashioning a New Femininity: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Discourses of Dress, Gender and Sexuality, 1875-1930.” Diss. New York U, 2008.

Zauderer, Naomi B. “Consumption, Production, and Reproduction in the Work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.” Charlotte Perkins Gilman Optimist Reformer. Ed. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1999. 152-172.