本文主要討論19世紀末英國開始經濟與社會的變化導致了社會各界一連串的社會改革聲浪，進而促成勞合喬治(1863-1945)擔任財政大臣任內推動1911年國民保險法之過程與其時代意義。工業革命以來，英國經濟突飛猛進，然1870年代以後經濟成長開始緩慢，國內出現了嚴重的貧富差距。尤其在19世紀末各種社會調查報告出爐以後，再加上濟貧法成效不彰，大眾對於貧窮現象的惡化開始有了警覺，連帶使對於貧窮態度有所轉變，從原先認為貧窮是由於個人道德失敗所致，轉變成貧窮是由於經濟與社會因素所造成。而在處理貧窮的方法也有所變化，從原先強調貧窮者透過自助互助的傳統來脫離貧困，轉而強調由國家干預的方式來協助貧窮者。這種國家干預的觀點體現於20世紀初自由黨上台執政後，所推動的一系列的社會改革政策。
勞合喬治(1863-1945)一位出身於威爾斯地區貧窮家庭的政治家，進入政壇以後深受新自由主義的薰陶，時常關心工人與社會問題的議題，於議員任內參與各種社會議題的討論。相繼擔任貿易大臣、財政大臣等內閣要職任內，致力推動國家干預的社會改革政策，從1908年非繳費式的養老金法實施後，開始規劃強制繳費為原則的國民保險法案（National Insurance Act）。推動國民保險法案的過程中，不斷受到在野黨特別是工黨與工會的反對，而民間團體如友誼會社、保險公司等也極力反對。筆者透過這段期間的英國國會記錄檔案與其他原始史料來分析當時反對者所持的態度立場與勞合喬治如何展現其優異的政治協商能力來面對眾多反對聲浪，順利推動法令實行。並希冀藉此了解國民保險法案的實行，對於英國社會福利制度史上占有極重要的時代意義。
工業化以來，多數民眾雖能享受工業化所帶來的成果。但相對來說，也遭遇工業化所引起的惡果，因此社會福利的議題受到當代所關注。如何改善窮人生計，縮小貧富差距，是當務之急。本文希冀能對該領域研究，作出些許的貢獻。

Industrialization in Britain brought economic benefits and also caused many social problems, especially poor people who were suffered from the consequences of it. Social reforms were raised out of this environment in late 19th-century England. This thesis is to study how the National Insurance Act was passed in 1911 which was lead by Lloyd George（1863-1945）and how he contributed to the pass of the law.
This thesis studies social and economic changes in late 19th-century Britain where began a series of social reforms. After a long period of economic growth due to British industrialization, a big social gap between the rich and the poor appeared. After 1870 when it began to slow down, different social problems became more serious. A series of social investigations were engaged by the government as well as social groups and their reports came out. Along with the infective of the poor law, the public became aware of the reason of deterioration of poverty was not only from personal moral failure but also from economic and social factors. Moreover, the way to solve the poverty was also changed from previously self-help of the poor to mutual help of the society and even state intervention. The idea of state interference was characterized in the social policies of the Liberal Party in the early 20th century.
Lloyd George was from a Welsh poor family. He was influenced by New-Liberalism and much concerned with social issues such as labour problem. After he became M.P., he enthusiastically participated in various discussions of social issues. As served as the president of the Board of Trade and the Chancellor of Exchequer, he made enormous efforts in social reforms, especially in the case of National Insurance Act of 1911. Since 1908 when he started his plan, he changed the non-contributory Old Age Pension to become the compulsory contributory. He faced the opposition parties, such as the Labour Party, trade unions, friendly societies and other insurance companies. Lloyd George demonstrated his superior ability of negotiation, bargaining and compromise different opinions among them, and finally reached the conclusion.
This study based on the records of Parliamentary Debates and other primary materials to analyze the attitudes and opinions of opponents and how Lloyd George demonstrated his outstanding ability of political consultations to succeed the implementation of Act, a key and important Act of the British social welfare system.

一、中文部分
(一) 專書與譯書
丁建定，《從濟貧到社會保險: 英國現代社會保障制度的建立(1870-1914)》，
北京: 中國社會科學出版社，2001。
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(二)期刊
丁建定，〈略論1911年英國的國民險法〉，《暨南學報(哲學社會科學)》，第7
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高岱，〈20世紀初英國的社會改革及其影響〉，《史學集刊》，第2期， 2008
年，頁54-60。
張秀蓉，〈英國濟貧法的演變〉，《台大歷史學報》，第十二、十三期，1996，頁
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曹婉莉，〈韋伯夫婦的福利濟貧思想〉，《西華師範大學學報(哲學社會科學報》，
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劉華平，〈論20世紀初英國的社會立法〉，《世界歷史》，第3期， 1995年，
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錢乘旦，〈尋求社會的“公正”-20世紀英國貧富問題及福利制度演進〉，《求是學
刊》，第4期， 1996年，頁92-96。
龍太江，〈妥協: 一種政治哲學的解讀〉，《哲學動態》，第4期， 2004年，
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(二) 學位論文
吳坤鴻，《我國立法院「政黨協商制度」之研究》，私立東海大學政治學系碩士
論文，民八十九年。
劉建伶，《從濟貧救助到國民保險: 以衛布夫婦及英國濟貧法報告書為討論對
象(1905-1912)》，台灣大學歷史研究所碩士論文，民八十九年。

二、西文部分
(一) 原始史料
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(三) 期刊
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(四) 網路資料庫
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/
http://www.archive.org/
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.ncku.edu.tw:2048/action/showBasicSearch
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
http://daying.wordpedia.com.ezproxy.lib.ncku.edu.tw:2048/