本文主要討論十九世紀初英國的童工工作概況與Lord Ashley（1801-1885）對此在國會推動十小時工時法（Ten Hours Bill）的歷程。相關英國工業革命時期童工問題之研究，大致可以分為兩種不同的研究趨向：傳統的研究，倚重在十九世紀初的國會檔案與調查委員會報告等史料，強調工業革命如何導致童工問題，又當時國會的工廠改革家如何致力於改善這些問題。另一趨向的研究，則綜合當時的人口資料，與經濟，思想與政治的變遷，強調童工問題的產生除了工業革命之外，還有其他的社會背景，同樣的，十九世紀中期以來童工處境的改善，也與當時整個社會經濟思想的改變有關。本文試圖透過綜合這兩種不同的研究趨向，論述英國工業革命前期，兒童工作範疇與性質的改變。

Lord Ashley（1801-1885）出身貴族家庭，是位很虔誠的福音派基督教徒，也是位偉大的慈善家，一輩子都為貧民工作。他特別致力於童工與女工處境的改善，先從工廠的童工開始，推動保護他們的法律，後來再延伸到礦場、製造業，最後到農業，至終把各種行業的年幼或沒有保護能力的人，全部都置於法律的保護之下，而十小時工時法（Ten Hours Bill）是Lord Ashley生平中第一個為童工在國會極力推動的法案。自1833年Lord Ashley接受縮短工時委員會（Short Time Committee）的委託，在國會推動十小時工時法以來，就不斷的與反對的議員在這個議題上進行激辯。筆者耙梳這段期間的英國國會辯論記錄檔案（Hansard or Parliamentary Debate），以分析Lord Ashley推動十小時工時法背後的真正動機，及反對該法的人所持的立場。希望藉此更瞭解十九世紀英國童工政策的特色及其侷限性。

有人說，童工議題是台灣人民最不熟悉的世界性議題。的確，在台灣與此課題相關的研究，還是起步階段。期望本研究論文能對這個領域知識的增進，產生些許的貢獻。

This study discusses the working conditions of child labors in the Great Britain during the early 19th century and how Lord Ashley (1801-1885) pushed the legislation of Ten Hours Bill forward in the parliament. Researches on child labor during the Industrial Revolution can be largely divided into two trends: the way of traditional research relied on historical materials such as parliament archives and reports of the investigation committee in the early 19th century, and emphasized how the Industrial Revolution had caused the child labor problem and how the factory reformers of the parliament were dedicated to solving these problems at that time. The other way of research focused on the population at that time combining with changes in the economy, political environment and social thoughts and emphasized that the child labor problem had its social roots in addition to the Industrial Revolution. According to this theory, the improvement for the working conditions of child laborers since the middle 19th century also had to do with the change in the economic situation and social thoughts. This study combined these two research trends and discussed the changes in the work scope and characteristics of child laborers in the early period of the Industrial Revolution.

Load Ashley (1801-1885) was born in a noble family. He was a pious Evangelical, a great philanthropist who worked for the impoverished all his life. He was dedicated to improving the situation of child and women laborers. He started with pushing forward the legislation to protect child laborers in the plants, and then in the mines, manufacturing industry and finally agriculture, until all young people and those who lacked the ability to protect themselves were under the protection of laws. The Ten Hours Bill is Lord Ashley's first legislation proposed in the parliament to protect the rights of child labors.

Since he undertook the trust of Short Time Committee in 1833 and started pushing forward this Bill, Lord Ashley had been constantly debating with members of the parliament who held dissenting opinions. This study is both based on collecting and sorting primary resources from the Hansard as well as electronic database from internet in order to analyze the real motives of Load Ashley in promoting the Ten Hours Bill and to reveal the standing of his opponents. It is hoped that this study can help us to better understand the child labor policies as well as their limitations in the UK during the 19th century.
Some say that the child labor issue is the worldwide topic most unfamiliar to Taiwanese people. Indeed, related researches on this topic are just beginning in Taiwan. Thus through the current research, this study hopes to contribute to the knowledge accumulation in this field.

一、中文部分

（一）專書
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（二）期刊
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豐華琴＜英國工業化時期的濟貧政策與人口遷移運動〉，《學海》，第4期，2008年。
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（三）學位論文
孫東波，《十九世紀英國工廠立法初探》，華東師範大學碩士學位論文， 2007年。
趙靜，《英國濟貧法的歷史考察》，河南大學碩士論文，2004年。

二、西文部分

（一） 原始史料

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Grant, Philip. The Ten Hours Bill: the History of factory Legislation, step by step since its introduction to parliament by the first sir Robert Peel in 1802 and it was finally carried by Lord Ashley, in 1850 together with many incidents and letters, speeches, and proceedings in both house of parliament ,and in the country up to the present. Manchester: John Heywood, 143, Deans gate, 1866.
Greg, Robert Hyde, The factory question considered in relation to its effects on the health and morals of those employed in factories, and the "ten hours bill," in relation to its effects upon the manufactures of England, and those of foreign countries. [electronic resource] London : J. Ridgway and sons, 1837.成大資料庫：MOMW
Greg, Robert Hyde, The philosophy of manufactures, or, An exposition of the scientific, moral, and commercial economy of the factory system of Great Britain [electronic resources, London: J. Ridgway and sons, 1837. 成大資料庫：MOMW
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Senior, Nassau William, eds. Letters on the Factory Act, as it affects the cotton manufacture addressed to the Right Honourable the President of the Board of Trade : to which are appended, a letter to Mr. Senior from Leonard Horner, Esq. and minutes of a conversation between Mr. Edmund Ashworth, [electronic resource]. London : Whittaker, 1846. 成大資料庫：MOMW.
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（二）專書

Alfred Kydd, History of the Factory Movement. London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co, 1857
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（三）期刊

Clark Nardinelli , "Child Labour and Factory Acts "，The Journal of Economic History. V. 40, No. 4, pp. 739-755.
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Horrell, Sara, "Stature and relative deprivation: fatherless children in early industrial Britain", Continuity & Change, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 73-115, 1998.
Patricia L. Schmidt, "The role of moral idealism in social change: Lord Ashley and the ten hours factory act "Quarterly Journal of Speech, Volume 63, Issue 1, pp.14 - 27, 1977.
Thompson, E. P., "Time, Work－Discipline and Industrial Capitalism", Past and Present, No. 38, pp. 56-97, 1967.
Tuttle, Carolyn "A Revival of the Pessimist View: Child Labor and the Industrial Revolution", Research in Economic History, No. 18, pp. 53-82, 1998.

（四）學位論文
Sister Zoe, Lord Ashley in the House of Commons 1826-1851, Fordham University, Ph. D., Thesis, 1966.

（五）網路資料庫
http://www.historyhome.co.uk
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/
http://studymore.org.uk/xashley.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/
http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=347117
http://www.request.org.uk/main/history/shaftesbury/shaftesbury08.htm
http://studymore.org.uk/ssh1840s.htm#1830
http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/factmine/factory.htm