利用煤炭顆粒磨擦質傳現象達到清除受油污染砂粒中之油污，其作用機制係鑑於煤炭顆粒表面與油份同為疏水性質，油可以自然潤濕煤粒表面。在水溶液之極性環境中，油砂中的油份選擇性吸附在煤粒表面進而使煤粒產生架橋鍵結現象，並隨著系統中架橋液相含量不同而形成不同疏水程度的油煤凝聚體。對於未加熱過的油砂此法可以輕易地形成油煤凝聚體，但對於加熱過的油砂（模擬受到汙染的沙子經過長時間的日曬）效果則不明顯。加熱過的油砂需要加入鹼性溶液浸泡約一天的時間再加以處理，同樣可獲得良好的效果。本研究以球磨方式達到磨擦質傳機制將乾淨砂粒與油煤凝聚體分離，適當煤粒添加量所形成的油煤凝聚體產生極強的疏水效應而被覆在磨球表面，之後以過篩方式將磨球分離出，油煤凝聚體便輕易地從水溶液中移除，而留下乾淨砂粒之懸浮液。

This study utilizes the abrasion mass transfer phenomenon to remove oil from oil coated sand by coal particles. The basic principle of this process is that the surface of coal and oil are both hydrophobic, and oil can wet the surface of coal spontaneously. In a polar liquid such as water, the highly hydrophobic oil-coal agglomerates formed by adding appropriate amount of coal into the oil contaminated sands could be mechanically liberated from cleaned sands during ball milling and recovered as a surface coating on the steel balls. However this method is only effective for cleaning fresh oil contaminated sands. For aged oil contaminated sands poor cleaning efficiency was resulted presumably due to the increase of oil’s viscosity. The results of this study indicated that soaking the aged oil sand in alkali solution for one day before ball milling with coal can dramatically improve the cleaning efficiency.

1.台灣環境資訊協會-環境諮詢中心。
2.P.C. Johnson, C.C. Stanley, M.W. Kemblowski, D.L. Byers, J.D. Colthart, “A Pratical Approach to the Design, Operation, and Monitoring of In-situ Soil Venting System,” Ground Water Monitoring, Rev. 10, pp. 159-178, 1990.
3.C.C. Oster, N.C. Wenck, “Vacuum Extraction of Valotile Organics from Soils,” Proc 1988 Joint CSCE-ASCE Natl. Conf. On Environmental Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, ASCE, pp. 809-817, 1988.
4.D.F. Sherman, R.C. Loehr, E.F. Neuhauser, “Development of Innovative Biological Techniques for The Bioremediation of Msnufactured Gas Plant Site,” International Conference on Physicalchemical and Biological Detoxification on Hazardous Wastes（Y.C. WU, ed.）, Technomic PUBLISHING Co., Lancaster, pp. 1035-1045, PA. 1989.
5.J.T. Dibble, R. Bartha, “Effect of Environmental Parameters on The Biodegradation of Oil Sludge, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37, pp. 729-739, 1979.
6.C.A. Lajoie, “Bioremediation Potential of Coal Tar Oil Contaminated Soil,” Ph.D. thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 1991.
7.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Guide for Conduction Treatability Studies Under CERCLA：Soil Washing Interim Guidance,” EPA/540/2-91/020A, EPA, Washington, D.C., 1991.
8.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Engineering Bulletin：Solvent Extraction Treatment, EPA/540/2-90/012, EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1990.
9.D. Hazaga, S. Fields, G.P. Clemmons, “Thermal Treatment of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites, Washington D.C., 1984.
10.J.N. McFee, G.P. Rasmussen, C.M. Young, “Design and Demonstration of a Fluidized Bed Incinerator for The Destruction of Hazardous Organic Materials in Soil, Journal of Hazardous Materials 12, pp. 129-142, 1985.
11.國際能源統計年報，經濟部能源委員會，1992年。
12.G.D. Botsaris, Y.M. Glazman, “Interfacial Phenomena in Coal Technology,” Chapter 6, pp. 200-203, 1989.
13.V. P. Mehrotra and K. V. S. Sastry, “Oil Agglomeration Offers Technical and Economical Advantages,” Mining Engineering, pp. 1230-1235, 1980.
14.A. Kumar, B. D. Sparks and A. Majid, “Recovery of Organics from Tailings Pond Sludge Using Coke for Agglomeration,” Separation Science and Technology, 21(3), pp. 315-326, 1986.
15.R. D. Coleman, B. D. Sparks, A. Majid and F. N. Toll, “Agglomeration-Floatation: Recovery of Hydrophobic Compounds from Oil Sands Fine Tailings”, Fuel, 74, No. 8, pp. 1156-1161, 1995.
16.M. P. Kasi, F. O. Azzam and S. Lee, “Coal Agloflotation and Supercritical Wet Oxidation: Novel Remediation Techniques for Ultra-Cleaning of Contaminated Soils”, J. Hazardous Materials, 35, pp. 17-30, 1993.
17.D. Feng, L. Lorenzen, C. Aldrich and P.W. Mare, “Ex Situ Diesel Contaminated Soil Washing With Mechanical methods,” Mineral Engineering, 14, No. 9, pp. 1093-1100, 2001.
18.Th. Neesse, F. Schaaff and H. Tiefel, “High Performance Attrition in Stirred Mills”, Minerals Engineering, 17, pp. 1163-1167, 2004.
19.R.W. Bayley and C.A. Biggs, “Characterisation of An Attrition Scrubber for Removal of High Molecular Weight Contaminates in Sand,” Chemical Engineering Journal, 111, pp. 71-79, 2005.
20.Wu-Wey Wen, Muurysville, Pa., “Fuel Agglomerates and Method of Agglomeration,” U.S. Patent, 4615712, 1986.
21.Roe-Hoan Yoon and Gerald H. Luttrell, both of Blacksburg, Va, “Method for Separating Fine Particles by Selective Hydrophobic Coagulation,” U.S. Patent, 5161694, 1992.
22.Nakamura, Masayoshi, Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K., “Method for Agglomeration in Liquid Used Therefor,” European Patent Specification, 0 534 027 B1, 1991.
23.Victoria Broje, Arturo A. Keller, “Interfacial interactions between hydrocarbon liquids and solid surfaces used in mechanical oil spill recovery,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 305, pp.286-292, 2007.
24.C.E. Capes and K. Darrcovich, “A Survey of Oil Agglomeration in Wet Fine Coal Processing,” Powder Technology, 40, pp.43-52, 1984.
25.J. Drzymala, R. Markuszewski and T.D. Wheelock, “Influence of Air on Oil Agglomeration of Carbonaceous in Aqueous Suspension,” J. Mineral Processing, 18, pp. 277-286, 1986.
26.A. Majid, R.D. Coleman, F. Toll, G. pleizier, Y. Deslands and M.Ikura, “Beneficiation of Coal-Heavy Oil Coprocessing Residue by Oil-Phase Agglomeration,” Fuel, 74, No. 3, pp. 136-1041, 1995.
27.S.M. Shrauti and D.W. Arnold, “Recovery of Waste Fine Coal by Oil Agglomeration,” Fuel, 74, No. 3, pp.459-465, 1995.
28.M. M. Joshi and S. Lee, “Coal Agloflotation: A Remediation Technique for Cleaning of Town Gas Soils”, J. Hazardous Materials, 49, pp. 155-163, 1996.
29.鄭春菊，「國內典型廢液物化處理最佳化操作及管理策略之研析」，國立中央大學環境工程研究所碩士在職專班論文，2005年。
30.N.P. Cheremisinoff, “Handbook of Pollution and Hazardous Materials Compliance,” MaecelDekker Publishers, New York, 1996.
31.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Full Cost Accounting for Municipal Solid Waste Manegement：A Handbook,” Report：EPA 530-R95-041, 1997.
32.John H. Gibbon, “Technologies and Management Stragegies for Hazardous Waste Contol,” Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600706, Report：PB83-189241, 1983.
33.黃孝信，「產業界的惡夢-廢溶劑清理問題之探討」，環保資訊月刊，第34期，頁15-20，2000年。
34.栗自強，「認識危害有機溶劑」，國立成功大學環境醫學所，2005。
35.林雪貴，「職業衛生護理」，國立陽明大學社區護理研究所，2006。
36.劉立文， 廖宏昌，「實驗室有機溶劑防護手套使用情形調查」，勞工安全衛生簡訊第75期，2006年。