掃描離子電導顯微鏡（scanning ion conductance microscopy，SICM）為一種掃描式探針顯微技術（scanning probe microscopy，SPM），使用奈米滴管作為掃描探針，能夠在完全不接觸材料的條件下，對表面進行形貌掃描取得表面結構，採用跳躍回饋模式（hopping mode）進行掃描時，可以防止探針在快速掃描下，觸碰到有著劇烈形貌變化的表面而導致表面損傷。影響界面平衡、表面反應的要素除了材料表面的組成與結構外，表面自身的電荷密度亦扮演重要角色，本實驗使用脈衝式SICM（pulse-mode SICM）對於具有異質電荷密度的材料表面進行掃描，可同時得到形貌圖及歸一化電流（normalized current）掃描圖，藉此判斷出帶電表面的極性。液相環境下進行掃描時，材料會因自身表面電荷於固-液界面形成電雙層（electric double layers，EDLs），當奈米滴管進入此區域，樣品表面電荷與探針離子電流交互作用下，產生表面誘導整流效應（surface induced rectification，SIR），將影響奈米滴管內工作電極（working electrodes）量測到的離子電流值。為了突顯表面電荷對於探針電流值的影響，透過脈衝施加較大偏壓將表面誘導整流效應放大，所量測到的電流值與探針位於本體溶液中但遠離表面，即表面誘導整流效應趨零時，相同脈衝偏壓下取得的基準電流值相除，進行電流訊號歸一化，利用歸一化電流值之變化評估材料表面的電荷差異。
　　本實驗使用氣相修飾方式將3-氨基丙基三乙氧基矽烷（APTES）修飾於玻璃基板表面特定區域以創造出單純矽醇基（silanol group）表面及胺基（amino group）表面作為異質表面電荷材料，也分別將11-硫醇-1-十一醇（MCU）、11-硫基十一烷酸（MUA）及4-氨基苯硫酚（PATP）修飾於金薄膜形成自組裝單分子層（self-assembled monolayer，SAM）產生以羥基（hydroxyl group，-OH）、羧基（carboxylic acid，-COOH）及胺基（amino group，-NH2）為主的異質表面電荷材料，藉由SICM同步進行形貌掃描及歸一化電流掃描，並改變脈衝偏壓觀察正電荷表面、負電荷表面及中性電荷表面歸一化電流變化，最後透過調整溶液酸鹼度推測修飾程度。

Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a form of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) that uses a nanopipette filled with electrolyte solution as probe to obtain noncontact image of surface topography at nanometer scale resolution. In hopping mode, one of feedback mode in SICM, is adopted in complex surface features scanning to avoid substrate damage because the nanopipette is withdrawn and repositioned at next pixel after approaching above substrate surface to take topographical information. In addition to surface structure and atomic arrangement, surface charge density is known to play a key role in interfacial processes and chemical reaction such as colloidal science, crystal growth and nutrients uptaking in living cell surface. The trifunctional aminosilane (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, APTES) is modified on specific area of glass by vapor deposition to synthesize heterogeneously charged substrate which amino group is on one side and silanol group is on the other side. Self-assembly monolayer of 11-mercapto-1-undecanol (MCU) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) are coated on gold thin film respectively to produce hydroxyl group (-OH) and carboxylic group (-COOH) heterogeneously charged surface. When a substrate is immersed in electrolyte solution, charged surface attracts counter ions to form an electrical double layers (EDLs). Once the nanopipette is located at the close point of charged surface, a potential pulse would be applied to amplify the ionic current response influenced by the surface-induced rectification (SIR) phenomena. Normalize the current of substrate and bulk solution pulse current, we can analyze the surface charge polarity. In this study, we demonstrate the pulse-mode measurements could record substrate topographical image and surface charge density mapping simultaneously.

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