跨感官對應聯結（crossmodal correspondence）是指一個感官模態的特徵與另一感官模態中的特徵產生系統性的聯結。其中，「形狀–色彩聯結」（shape–color association）是被廣泛研究的一類，但多數集中於視覺模態。探討此聯結在視覺與觸覺模態中表現差異的研究仍相對缺乏，此外，影響這類聯結的潛在機制（如情感意義、偏好、現實世界知識）及其認知處理層級（外顯 vs. 內隱）也尚未被檢驗。本研究透過三項實驗，系統性地比較視覺與觸覺模態下的形狀–色彩對應聯結，並探討其潛在聯結機制及認知處理層次。
在研究一當中，受試者分別於視覺模態（n = 422）與觸覺模態（n = 423）情境下進行外顯配對作業，針對每個以視覺或主動觸覺呈現的形狀，從36個色彩的表格中選出與之最為搭配的色彩。九種形狀皆為3-D列印模型，呈現不同的圓尖度（輪廓由圓到尖）與複雜度（顆粒數凸出多寡），而色彩選擇則是由36種色塊組成的表格。結果顯示兩種感官模態在形狀–色彩聯結上呈現明顯差異：視覺模態中的圓形常配對藍色或棕色，而觸覺模態中的圓形則傾向配對綠色、藍色或亮色。視覺尖形多與黃色（特別是低複雜度形狀）或黑色聯結，而觸覺尖形則更多配對到紅色或暗色。至於模型介於圓形與尖形之間的形狀，在兩種模態中都傾向與粉紅色建立聯結。
研究二為了探討三種可能的聯結機制（情感意義、偏好、現實世界物體），分別以語意差異量表（每種模態情境下n = 66）、偏好評分（每種模態情境下n = 91），以及現實世界物體聯想測量（每種模態情境下n = 91）進行。以研究一中各形狀與色彩配對的選擇傾向作為指標，計算其與上述三項心理機制的關聯程度。結果顯示，在觸覺模態中，情感意義與偏好可作為形狀–色彩聯結的中介因素，其中情感意義的中介效果較強，但在視覺模態中則無顯著中介效果；而現實世界知識對兩種模態均具有部分解釋力（如：模型介於圓形與尖形之間的形狀聯想到粉紅色花朵）。顯示在沒有視覺輸入的情境下，情感與偏好傾向主導形狀–色彩的對應，而視覺模態則可能較依賴既有的物體–色彩聯結知識。
研究三採用內隱促發作業（每種模態情境下n = 36）檢驗形狀–色彩聯結的處理層次，以模型形狀為前導刺激（透過視覺或觸覺），接著呈現色彩辨識作業，包括色相配對（視覺條件為藍色／黃色；觸覺條件為綠色／紅色）或亮度配對（白色／黑色）。受試者完成內隱促發作業後，另進行外顯的色彩配對作業。結果顯示，在視覺與觸覺模態中皆未出現一致性效應（congruency effect），即受試者對一致配對組的反應速度或正確率並未優於不一致組，表示形狀–色彩對應主要發生於外顯／決策層次，而非內隱自動化層次。此外，受試者在內隱作業中的一致性效應得分與其在外顯配對作業中的結果沒有相關性，進一步支持此聯結非內隱激發。
綜合三項研究結果，顯示形狀–色彩聯結在視覺與觸覺模態間呈現顯著差異，並受到不同心理機制中介。視覺模態的聯結傾向受到語意知識主導，而觸覺模態則更多依賴情感經驗，其次為偏好。值得注意的是，該聯結為外顯性質，顯示主要涉及有意識的判斷與詮釋。
本研究擴展了對跨感官知覺的理解，提供視覺與觸覺形狀–色彩對應聯結的細緻比較，並為多感官產品設計、使用者經驗設計與知覺與認知理論提供應用與實證支持，凸顯感官特異經驗與高層次心理歷程在跨感官聯結中的重要性。

Crossmodal correspondences refer to the tendency for features in one sensory modality to be systematically associated with features in another. Among these, shape–color associations, where certain shapes are matched with specific colors, have been widely studied in the visual modality. However, relatively little is known about how such associations operate across both visual and haptic perception. Moreover, the underlying linking mechanisms (e.g., affective meaning, preference, real-world knowledge) and processing levels (explicit vs. implicit) supporting these associations remain underexplored. The present study used three studies to systematically compare shape–color associations across visual and haptic modalities, focusing on their underlying linking mechanisms and processing levels.
In Study 1, participants (n = 422 in the visual-shape condition; n = 423 in the haptic-shape condition) performed an explicit shape–color matching task, selecting the most appropriate color for each shape presented either visually or haptically (via active touch). Nine shape stimuli were identical 3D-printed objects varying in angularity (rounded to angular contours) and complexity (number of protruding points), and color selections were made from a 36-color palette. The results revealed clear modality-specific differences in shape–color associations. Rounded shapes were commonly associated with blue or brown in the visual condition, and with green, blue, or bright colors in the haptic condition. Visually perceived angular shapes were matched with yellow—particularly those of low complexity—and black, whereas haptically perceived angular shapes were associated with red or dark colors. Shapes with contours between rounded and angular were consistently matched with pink across both modalities.
In Study 2, we examined three potential linking mechanisms (affective meaning, preference, real-world knowledge) by using semantic differential scales (n = 66 per modality), preference ratings (n = 91 per modality), and object associations tasks (n = 91 per modality), respectively. We analyzed the relationships between shape–color matching tendencies from Study 1 and these three measures. The results showed that haptic shape–color associations were mediated by both affective meanings and preferences, with affective meaning exerting a stronger influence than preference. In contrast, visual shape–color associations were not mediated by either factor. Real-world knowledge partially explained associations in both modalities (e.g., less-angular shapes being linked with pink flowers). These findings suggest that in the absence of visual input, affective and preference-based mechanisms play a dominant role in shaping shape–color associations, whereas visual shape–color pairings may rely more on learned object–color mappings.
In Study 3, an implicit priming task (n = 36 per modality) was used to assess the processing level of the shape–color associations. Shapes were presented as primes (either visually or haptically), followed by a color discrimination task involving hues (blue/yellow in vision; green/red in touch) or brightness (white/black). A separate explicit color matching task was administered after the priming task. Results showed that no significant congruency effects were found in either modality; that is, participants did not respond faster or more accurately to congruent shape–color pairings compared to incongruent ones. This suggests that shape–color associations operate primarily at an explicit, decisional level rather than at an implicit, automatic level. Further analysis showed no correlation between implicit congruency scores and explicit matching preferences, reinforcing the view that these associations are not implicitly activated.
Collectively, these findings demonstrate that shape–color associations differ across sensory modalities and are mediated by distinct cognitive mechanisms. Visual shape–color correspondences appear to be guided primarily by semantic knowledge, whereas haptic associations are more strongly influenced by affective responses and, to a lesser extent, preference. Importantly, these associations are explicit rather than implicit, underscoring the role of conscious deliberation in crossmodal mapping.
The present study advances our understanding of crossmodal perception by providing a detailed comparison of visual and haptic shape–color correspondences. The findings offer valuable implications for multisensory product design, user experience, and theories of perception and cognition, emphasizing the role of modality-specific experience and higher-order cognitive mediation in shaping crossmodal correspondences.

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