現行的水產養殖飼料多以添加魚粉作為其蛋白質的主要來源，然而近年來的魚粉供應量逐年萎縮，市場需求量卻持續增加，再加上畜牧業與家禽養殖業對魚粉需求的競爭，導致魚粉價格居高不下，造成水產養殖業成本的提高。因此，近年來各國學者專家無不積極尋求新的魚粉取代物。在眾多魚粉取代物中，微藻是最受矚目的焦點。微藻本身即為水產食物鏈中的一環，且其生質體中含有豐富的蛋白質，經由適當培養策略，蛋白質含量可高達60%以上，再加上各種促進作用，如魚類的免疫系統、脂質代謝等，再加上其高生長速率之特性，使得微藻在水產養殖領域中受到極大的重視，成為最具潛力的魚粉替代品。
本研究擬以本土小球藻Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E為目標藻種，進行微藻生長與蛋白質生產之優化與規模放大。本研究首先嘗試結合冷陰極管(Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp, CCFL)做為內部光源之新穎生物反應器進行微藻培養。其結果顯示，具內部光源之新型光生物反應器其微藻生物量產量(biomass productivity)可達411 mg/L/d，而蛋白質產量為183 mg/L/d，優於傳統血清瓶光生物反應器。本研究亦分別針對培養基中尿素與鐵離子濃度進行優化，結果發現隨著尿素濃度的提高，微藻的生長速率隨之增加，當尿素濃度達12.4 mM時，其生物量產量可達613 mg/L/d。進一步分析微藻蛋白質之胺基酸組成與培養時間及氮源濃度之關係，可發現培養基中之剩餘氮源濃度會對微藻蛋白質之胺基酸組成產生影響，進而改變其營養價值。其結果顯示，當培養基中的氮源消耗量達90 %時，微藻蛋白質含量可達最大值，亦含有最多種類之必需胺基酸，同時其生物量產量亦達到最大值。而當Fe2+濃度控制在90 μM時，能進一步提高微藻生物量與蛋白質產量至699 mg/L/d及365 mg/L/d；同時，亦將微藻蛋白質之必需胺基酸含量提高至60%，能大幅提高其營養價值。
此外，本研究亦致力於微藻C. vulgaris FSP-E大量培養之優化。於先前所得之最佳條件下，將室內小型生物反應器放大至50公升的直立式管狀反應器，並增加浸入式光源進行光照補償以期解決光遮蔽效應(light shading effect)引起的藻體細胞生長遲緩的問題。結果顯示，增加浸入式光源可明顯提高藻體生物量產量(170 mg/L/d)，且蛋白質含量可達細胞乾重的59.6%。本研究進一步改變大型培養的起始接種量，當起始接種量為0.1 g/L時，藻體生物量產量與蛋白質產量分別可達190 mg/L/d和121 mg/L/d。考慮到碳源提供量以及生物反應器內的混和效率，本研究對二氧化碳曝氣速率進行優化。當曝氣速率為0.05 vvm時，可明顯改善反應器內的混合效率，減少反應器底部的藻體沉降量，同時，微藻生產量與蛋白質生產量分別可達到213 mg/L/d與133 mg/L/d。
最後，本研究將室內50公升管狀生物反應器移至戶外，進行微藻C. vulgaris FSP-E戶外培養之測試。其結果顯示於夏季陽光充足的環境下，其生長速率與室內培養相同，因此，C. vulgaris FSP-E具有相當好的環境適應力。為了進一步提升其表現，同時考慮到室內與戶外的培養環境相差甚大，因此本研究重新測試了數個環境因子。當尿素濃度進一步提高至18.6 mM時，微藻的生物生產量與蛋白質生產量可達到241 mg/L/d與136 mg/L/d。此外，起始接種量亦會對微藻生長速率產生明顯的影響，以0.2 g/L作為起始接種量時，微藻生物量產量與蛋白產量可再進一步提高至258 mg/L/d與149.9 mg/L/d。最後，本研究於曝氣速率優化實驗中發現當曝氣速率高於0.05 vvm後會降低微藻C. vulgaris FSP-E生長速度，因而減少微藻蛋白質生產量。本研究結果顯示高蛋白質含量之微藻C. vulgaris FSP-E具有成為魚粉取代物之潛力與商業化可行性。

Fishmeal is the most widely used protein source in commercial aquacultural feed. However, due to its unstable production and increasing price, using fishmeal is getting more uneconomical in aquaculture. Therefore, finding its alternatives is in urgent demand. Among the potential fishmeal alternatives, microalgae have been recognized as the most promising one. In this study, a protein-rich indigenous microalgal isolate, identified as Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E was selected for protein production to assess its potential to serve as fishmeal alternative. In the beginning, an innovative photobioreactor combined with cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) as internal illumination was designed to improve microalgal protein production. The internal illumination could enhance biomass productivity to 411 mg/L/d, and protein productivity to 183 mg/L/d due to its higher light intensity and reduction of self-shading effect. When the initial urea concentration in the medium was increased to 12.4 mM, the biomass productivity and protein productivity were further improved to 613 mg/L/d and 301 mg/L/d, respectively,. For medium improvement, the culture was conducted under different iron concentrations. The result shows the biomass productivity and protein productivity were enhanced to 699 mg/L/d and 365 mg/L/d, respectively, when using an iron concentration of 90 μM. In addition, the amino acid analysis of the microalgal protein shows that over 60% of protein in the microalga was necessity amino acids. Therefore, the nutritional value of the microalgal protein was enhanced by iron concentration supplement in the growth medium.
Moreover, the working capacity of microalgae culture was scaled up to 50 liter, while several strategies were applied to enhance the feasibility of mass culture of microalga C. vulgaris FSP-E. The results show that the immersed light source installed inside the tubular photobioreactor resulted in an obvious improvement on overall biomass productivity (up to 170 mg/L/d), while the maximal protein content could reach 59.6% of dry cell weight. Next, the effect of inoculum size was also investigated on the algae-based protein production. The results show that using an inoculum size of 0.1 g/L of C. vulgaris FSP-E resulted in higher biomass and protein productivity of 190 mg/l/d and 121 mg/l/d, respectively. Considering the carbon supply and the mixing efficiency of tubular photobioreactor, different CO2 aeration rate was then adjusted to further enhance the performance of algae-based protein production. The results show that, the biomass and protein productivity were further increased to 213 and 133 mg/L/d, respectively, with an optimal aeration rate of 0.05 vvm.
To assess the commercial viability, the microalgal cultivation was shifted from indoor to outdoor condition. The results show that a similar growth performance was achieved under outdoor condition when compared to the previous indoor results. Considering the difference between indoor and outdoor conditions, several environmental factors were re-investigated. The biomass productivity and protein productivity were improved to 241 mg/L/d and 136.1 mg/L/d after increasing urea concentration to 18.6 mM. The growth performance could be further enhanced by increasing inoculum size to 0.2 g/L, and the results indicated that the biomass productivity and protein productivity could attain 258 mg/L/d and 149.9 mg/L/d, respectively. After determining the suitable inoculum size, CO2 aeration rate was then adjusted to investigate its effect on the performance of algae-based protein production. However, the results showed that higher aeration rate repressed algal growth, leading to poor protein productivity. The high shear stress resulted from high aeration led to a plummet of microalgae protein production performance. This study demonstrated that C. vulgaris FSP-E is a promising candidate of alternative for fishmeal in aquaculture.

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