本研究探討在南台灣成長的中日雙語孩童日文中文字首塞音的習得。在調查過3-6歲的雙語孩童對日文中文塞音的嗓音起始時間(Voice Onset Time: VOT)及基本頻率後，有以下幾項重要發現：(1)各個年齡層均可以分辨日文塞音 (/d/, /g/, /t/, /k/) 及中文塞音(/p/, /t/, /k/, /ph/, /th/, /kh/) 在發音位置及發音方式的不同。(2)無論是短延遲或短前置的嗓音起始時，日文清音的基本頻率值高於日文濁音;因此，日文塞音的基本頻率可做為額外的聲音信號，以區分日文的對照塞音。(3)大部分的孩童在五歲以後,都學習了日文及中文的所有目標塞音，有些孩童早在三歲時，便可以發出日文的濁音塞音及中文的送氣塞音。(4)在兩種語言中觀察到的錯誤，顯示出其中混合了特定孩童模式（如清音化及去氣音化），與特定語言的系統（如日文的齒槽後置音及擦塞音，中文的雙唇後置音及起首輔音弱化）以及對語言的影響（如日文的氣音中文的濁音），也顯示出個別的差異性（如六歲男孩發出的軟顎前置音）。 (5)相較於以日文為母語的雙親，他們在日文清音塞音的嗓音起始時間較長，而比起以中文為母語的雙親，他們在中文送氣塞音的嗓音起始時間也明顯較多。(6)他們在兩種語言中，仍維持嗓音起始時間三類範疇的發音對比， (a)日文濁音塞音/中文不送氣塞音 (b)日文清音塞音，及 (c)中文送氣塞音。由語音學習、發音特色(VOT和f0)和取代模式所得來的兩個參數，其結果更證實了一個概念，也就是早期雙語孩童建立獨特的日文中文語音系統，並對兩種語言都產生跨語言的影響。這項研究的結果能使雙語孩童語音表現更容易理解。本研究也可做為新的敍述參考資料，為言語治療師及病理學家記錄雙語兒童的發音發展。本研究為派多羅果斯(paidologos)計劃（針對語音體系發展的大型跨語言調查）的一部分。

This study investigated the acquisition of word-initial Japanese and Mandarin stops produced by Mandarin-Japanese bilingual children who have grown up in southern Taiwan. Examination of Japanese and Mandarin stop VOT and f0 by the bilingual children aged three to six years old revealed several important findings: (1) They were able to discriminate Japanese stops (/d/, /g/, /t/, /k/) and Mandarin stops (/p/, /t/, /k/, /ph/, /th/, /kh/) in terms of place of articulation and manner of articulation across ages.(2) The f0 values in the transcribed Japanese voiceless stops were higher than those of the transcribed Japanese voiced stops regardless of whether the VOT was with short lag or short lead; as such, f0 in Japanese stops could take a role of an additional acoustic cue in differentiating the stop contrast in Japanese. (3) They mostly acquired all Japanese and Mandarin target stops after the age of five, and some children were able to produce prevoicing in Japanese voiced stops and aspiration in Mandarin aspirated stops as young as three years old. (4) Error patterns observed in each language revealed the mixture of child-specific patterns (i.e. devoicing and deaspiration), language specific systems (i.e. alveolar backing and affrication in Japanese and bilabial backing and initial consonant weakening in Mandarin) and language influence (i.e. aspiration in Japanese and voicing in Mandarin) as well as the individual differences (e.g. velar fronting produced by a six-year-old boy). (5) They had longer VOT values in voiceless Japanese stops compared to their native Japanese parents while VOT of their aspirated Mandarin stops was significantly greater than that produced by their native Mandarin parents. (6) They maintained phonetic contrast among three VOT categories in their two languages, (a) voiced stops in Japanese/unaspirated stops in Mandarin, (b) voiceless stops in Japanese, and (c) aspirated stops in Mandarin. The results in both parameters of phonological acquisition, phonetic features (VOT and f0) and substitution patterns, lend credibility to the idea that the early bilingual children develop distinct Japanese and Mandarin phonetic systems, while showing cross-linguistic influence in each language. The findings of this study could provide better understanding of the phonological representation in early bilinguals. This study also contributes new descriptive reference materials documenting the phonological development of bilingual children for speech therapists or pathologists. This study is part of the paidologos project (a large cross-linguistic investigation of phonological development).

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