影評和大眾相互影響。線上影評涉及廣泛閱聽大眾，如果不仔細閱讀文本， 就無法理解評論者用以協商身份與現實的語言社會機制。學者們認為(e.g., Hyland, 2002)，第一人稱代詞與作者自我身份的建構有很大的關係。然而，有 關線上影評人使用第一人稱建構權威的研究仍然很少。因此，本研究旨在探究線 上影評作者如何使用第一人稱來建立權威。數據來源是 IMDb(Internet Movie Database，網路電影資料庫)，涉及到的電影是 IMDb Top 250 排行榜上的頭 50 部電影，每部電影的評論按照有用性(helpfulness)進行排列，出現在首頁的前 20 篇評論被隨機抽取，組成共計 1000 篇線上影評的語料庫。所採用的研究方法 包括對影評文本的內容分析(第一人稱代詞作為自指在詞、句以及語用層面上的 意義)和多元迴歸分析。研究的問題為:(1)第一人稱代詞在線上影評中的使 用頻率有多高?哪些第一人稱代詞顯著影響線上影評的受歡迎程度(以評論獲得 的票數衡量)?(2)從語法的角度我們如何解釋第一人稱對主觀性的影響?不 同程度的主觀性對線上影評獲得的票數有什麽樣的影響?(3)線上影評人如何 透過第一人稱的自我指涉，建構不同類型的自我，突顯他們主張的權威性?
研究結果顯示，在收集到的評論中，86%的評論使用了第一人稱代詞。單數 (I, me, my, mine, myself)的使用頻率遠高於復數(we, us, our, ours, ourselves)。 第一人稱單數 I 的使用最為頻繁，它對線上影評受歡迎程度的影響也最為顯著。 此外，主句主詞和從句主詞的異同會影響人們對主觀性表達的理解。主觀性表達 的理解前提是，I 同時出現在主句和從句的主詞位置，或者從句主詞受到主句主 詞 I 的約束。主觀自指對評論的受歡迎程度有顯著影響，且效果是正向的;意即， 主觀自我參照的使用越頻繁，評論所獲得的讀者投票數越多。再者，不同類型的自我建構有助於確立作者的權威性，對自我以外的其他事物的引用也發揮了作用， 比如互文參照。文本交互參照與自我參照的相互配合有助於構建知識話語，為民 众討論社會問題提供了場域。線上影評力求輸出觀點，構建身份，並向潛在觀眾 傳授知識。這項研究揭示了用戶生成(user-generated)的批評在轉變批評形式和 影響社会發展方面的潛力。

Online movie reviews involve a mass audience in influencing and being influenced by each other. The linguistic and social mechanisms by which the participants negotiate identities and realities cannot be understood without a scrutiny of the text. Scholars have argued that first-person pronouns are of great relevance to the construction of authorial identities. Yet, the research on online movie reviewers’ use of the first person in constructing authority remains scarce. Thus, this study examines the construction of authority using the first person in online movie reviews. The data collected were 1,000 IMDb reviews which consisted of the first 20 helpful reviews of the first 50 movies on the IMDb Top 250 movie list. Both qualitative content analysis and quantitative regression analysis were conducted. The research questions are: (1) How frequent is the use of first-person pronouns in online movie reviews and which first-person pronoun(s) influence(s) the popularity of online movie reviews (measured in the number of votes a review receives) significantly? (2) How does the first person, as a grammatical concept, affect the extent to which a viewpoint is perceived as subjective and what are the relative effects of different degrees of subjectivity on the number of votes an online movie review receives? (3) How do online movie reviewers, by virtue of the first- person self-reference, construct different kinds of the self that serve their assertion of authority?
The results show that first-person pronouns occur in 86% of the reviews collected. The singulars (I, me, my, mine, myself) are used much more frequently than are the plurals (we, us, our, ours, ourselves). The use of the first-person singular I is the most frequent and its influence on the popularity of online movie reviews the most significant. In addition, perception of subjectivity changes as the agreement between the matrix subject and the embedded subject changes. An entirely subjective reading is built on that the subject I occurs in both the matrix and the embedded positions or that the embedded subject is bound by the matrix subject which is I. Subjective self-reference affects reviews’ popularity significantly and the effect is positive: The more frequent the use of subjective self-references, the larger the number of reader votes received by reviews. Finally, different facets of the self are established for the establishment of an authorial identity and references to other entities than the self play a role too. Intertextual reference in tandem with self-reference contributes to the construction of knowledge discourse on which to base a public sphere where informed citizens discuss issues of general interests and influences democracy. It is suggested that online movie reviews strive to make a point, construct identities and impart knowledge to a potential audience. This study sheds light on the potential of user-generated criticism in transforming criticism and affecting socio-political development.

Abercrombie, N. (1994). Authority and consumer society. In R. Keat, N. Whitley & N. Abercrombie (Eds.), The authority of the consumer (pp. 38-52). Routledge.
Aijón Oliva, M. A. (2020). It can be us or you. The desubjectification of viewpoint through person choice in Spanish oral and written media discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 163, 4-17.
Anderson, R. D., Engledow, J. L., & Becker, H. (1979). Evaluating the relationship among attitude toward business, product satisfaction, experience, and search effort. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 394-400.
Askehave, I., & Swales, J. M. (2001). Genre identification and communicative purpose: A problem and a possible solution. Applied Linguistics, 22(2), 195-212.
Atkinson, S. (2014). Behind the screen: Emerging cinema and engaging audiences. Bloomsbury.
Austin, B. A. (1989). Immediate seating: A look at movie audiences. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Baron-Cohen, S. (2012) The science of evil: On empathy and the origins of cruelty. Basic Books.
Beaudouin, V., & Pasquier, D. (2017). Forms of contribution and contributors’ profiles: An automated textual analysis of amateur online film critics. New Media & Society, 19(11), 1810-1828.
Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. Yale University Press.
Bennett, P. (1999). Understanding responses to risk: Some basic findings. In P. Bennett & K. Calman (Eds.), Risk communication and public health (pp. 3-32). Oxford University Press.
Berlo, D. K., Lemert, J. B., & Mertz, R. J. (1969). Dimensions for evaluating the acceptability of message sources. Public Opinion Quarterly, 33, 563-576.
Besnier, N. (1991). Literacy and the notion of Person on Nukulaelae Atoll. American Anthropologist, 93, 570-587.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Longman.
Bickart, B. & Schindler, R. M. (2001). Internet forums as influential sources of consumer information. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 15(3), Summer, 31-40.
Bieswanger, M. (2013). Micro-linguistic structural features of computer-mediated communication. In S. C. Herring, D. Stein & T. Virtanen (Eds.), Pragmatics of computer-mediated communication (pp. 463-485). De Gruyter Mouton.
Brucks, M. (1985). The effects of product class knowledge on information search behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 1-15.
Brunyé, T. T., Ditman, T., Mahoney, C. R., Augustyn, J. S., & Taylor, H. A. (2009). When you and I share perspectives: Pronouns modulate perspective taking during narrative comprehension. Psychological Science, 20(1), 27-32.
Byram, M., Gribkova, B., & Starkey, H. (2002). Developing the intercultural dimension in language teaching: A practical introduction for teachers. Council of Europe.
Cameron, D. (2007). Language endangerment and verbal hygiene: History, morality and politics. In A. Duchêne & M. Heller (Eds.), Discourses of endangerment: Ideology and interest in the defence of languages (pp. 268-285). Continuum.
Cantallops, A. S., & Salvi, F. (2014). New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 41-51.
Cao, Q., Duan, W., & Gan, Q. (2011). Exploring determinants of voting for the “helpfulness” of online user reviews: A text mining approach. Decision Support Systems, 50, 511-521.
Cetkovic, S. (2022). Evaluation in police written reports in English. Folia Linguistica et Litteraria, 39, 295-314.
Chen, H.-Y., & Huang, C.-Y. (2013). An investigation into online reviewers’ behavior. European Journal of Marketing, 47(10), 1758-1773.
Chen, Y., & Xie, J. (2008). Online consumer review: Word-of-mouth as a new element of marketing communication mix. Management Science, 54(3), 477-491.
Cherry, R. (1998). Ethos versus persona: Self-representation in written discourse. Written Communication, 15(3), 384-410.
Chevalier, J. A., & Mayzlin, D. (2006), The effect of word of mouth on sales: Online book reviews. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(3), 345-354.
Cortés, C. E. (1992). Media literacy: An educational basic for the information age. Education and Urban Society, 24(4), 489-497.
d’Astous, A., Carù, A., Koll, O., & Sigué, S. P. (2005). Moviegoers’ consultation of film reviews in the search for information: A multi-country study. International Journal of Arts Management, 7(3), 32-45.
de Jong, I. K. E., & Burgers, C. (2013). Do consumer critics write differently from professional critics? A genre analysis of online film reviews. Discourse Context & Media, 2(2), 75-83.
Dellarocas, C. (2003). The digitization of word of mouth: Promise and challenges of online feedback mechanisms. Management Science, 49, 1407-1424.
Duan, W., Gu, B., & Whinston, A. B. (2008). Do online reviews matter? An empirical investigation of panel data. Decision Support Systems, 45(4), 1007-1016.
Duncan, C. P., & Olshavsky, R. W. (1982). External search: The role of consumer beliefs. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 32-43.
Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997). Analysing casual conversation. Cassell.
Eliashberg, J., Elberse, A., & Leenders, M. A. A. M. (2006). The motion picture industry: Critical issues in practice, current research, and new research directions. Marketing Science, 25(6), 638-661.
Eliashberg, J., & Shugan, S. (1997). Film critics: Influencers or predictors? Journal of Marketing, 61, 68-78.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Media discourse. Arnold.
Fauconnier, G. (1994). Mental spaces: Aspects of meaning construction in natural language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Feenberg, A. (2012). Introduction. In A. Feenberg & N. Friesen (Eds.), (Re)thinking the Internet (pp. 3-17). Sense.
Feng, G. C. (2019). A comparative study of the online film ratings of US and Chinese audiences: An analytical approach based on big data. The International Communication Gazette, 81(3), 283-302.
Flynn, E. (2018). Discovering audience motivations behind movie theater attendance. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 9(2), 94-103.
Fraser, N. (1992). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of existing democracy. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Habermas and the public sphere (pp. 109-142). The MIT Press.
Fuchs, C. (2010). Labor in informational capitalism and on the Internet. The Information Society, 26(3), 179-196.
Gavilan, D., Avello, M., & Martinez-Navarro, G. (2018). The influence of online ratings and reviews on hotel booking consideration. Tourism Management, 66, 53-61.
Gavilan, D., Fernández Lores, S., & Martinez-Navarro, G. (2019). The influence of online ratings on film choice: Decision making and perceived risk. Communication & Society, 32(2), 45-59.
Gemser, G., Van Oostrum, M., & Leenders, M. A. A. M. (2007). The impact of film reviews on the box office performance of art house versus mainstream motion pictures. Journal of Cultural Economics, 31, 43-63.
Godes, D., & Mayzlin, D. (2004). Using online conversations to study word-of-mouth communication. Marketing Science, 23(4), 545-560.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis. Harper & Row.
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of talk. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Gómez-Suárez, M., Martínez-Ruiz, M. P., & Martínez-Caraballo, N. (2017). Consumer-brand relationships under the marketing 3.0 paradigm: A literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 252.
Gong, G., & Dragga, S. (1995). A writer’s repertoire. Longman.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics. Vol. 3: Speech acts (pp. 43-58). Academic Press.
Grice, H. P. (1978): Further notes on logic and conversation. In P. Cole (Ed.), Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 9: Pragmatics (pp. 113-28). Academic Press.
Gubbins, M. (2012). Digital revolution: Active audiences and fragmented consumption. In D. Iordanova & S. Cunningham (Eds.), Digital disruption: Cinema moves on-line (pp. 67-100). St Andrews Film Studies.
Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society (T. Burger, Trans.). The MIT Press. (Original work published 1962)
Haley, J. (1952). The appeal of the moving picture. Quarterly of Film, Radio and Television, 6, 36l-374.
Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2004). Multitude: War and democracy in the age of empire. Penguin.
Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the Internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 38-52.
Hennig-Thurau, T., & Walsh, G. (2003). Electronic word-of-mouth: Motives for and consequences of reading customer articulations on the Internet. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 8(2), 51-74.
Herring, S. (2001). Computer-mediated discourse. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen & H. E. Hamilton (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 612-634). Blackwell.
Hey, J. D., & McKenna, C. J. (1981). Consumer search with uncertain product quality. Journal of Political Economy, 89(1), 54-66.
Hinzen, W., & Schroeder, K. (2015). Is ‘the first person’ a linguistic concept essentially? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 22(11-12), 149-179.
Hohenberg, J. (1987). Concise newswriting. Hastings House.
Holbrook, M. B. (1999). Popular appeal versus expert judgments of motion pictures. Journal of Consumer Research, 26, 144-155.
Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 132-140.
Hovland, C., Janis, I., & Kelley, H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. Yale University Press.
Hoyer, W. D., & MacInnis, D. J. (2001). Consumer behavior (2nd ed.). Houghton-Mifflin.
Huete-Alcocer, N. (2017). A literature review of word of mouth and electronic word of mouth: Implications for consumer behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1256.
Hunston, S., & Thompson, G. (2001). Evaluation: An introduction. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse (pp. 1-27). Oxford University Press.
Hyland, K. (2002). Authority and invisibility: Authorial identity in academic writing. Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 1091-1112.
Ivanič, R. (1998). Writing and identity: The discoursal construction of identity in academic writing. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Jackson, J. (2011) Cultivating cosmopolitan, intercultural citizenship through critical reflection and international, experiential learning. Language and Intercultural Communication, 11(2), 80-96.
Jenkins, H. (2006). Searching for the origami unicorn: The Matrix and transmedia storytelling. In H. Jenkins (Ed.), Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide (pp. 93-130). New York University Press.
Jin, D. Y., & Feenberg, A. (2015). Commodity and community in social networking: Marx and the monetization of user-generated content. The Information Society, 31(1), 52-60.
Johnson, S., & Milani, T. M. (2010). Critical intersections: Language ideologies and media discourse. In S. Johnson & T. M. Milani (Eds.), Language ideologies and media discourse: Texts, practices and politics (pp. 3-14). Continuum.
Jones, P. (2007). Beyond the semantic ‘big bang’: Cultural sociology and an aesthetic public sphere. Cultural Sociology, 1(1), 73-95.
Keat, R. (1994). Scepticism, authority and the market. In R. Keat, N. Whitley & N. Abercrombie (Eds.), The authority of the consumer (pp. 20-38). Routledge.
Keen, A. (2007). The cult of the amateur: How today’s Internet is killing our culture. Doubleday/Currency.
Kim, S. H., Park, N., & Park, S. H. (2013). Exploring the effects of online word of mouth and expert reviews on theatrical movies’ box office success. Journal of Media Economics, 26(2), 98-114.
Klein, L. R. (1998). Evaluating the potential of interactive media through a new lens: Search versus experience goods. Journal of Business Research, 41(3), 195-203.
Kristeva, J. (1986). Revolution in poetic language. In T. Moi (Ed.), The Kristeva reader (p. 89-136). Columbia University Press.
Ku, Y. C., Wei, C. P., & Hsiao, H. W. (2012). To whom should I listen? Finding reputable reviewers in opinion-sharing communities. Decision Support Systems, 53, 534-542.
Lester, J. D. (1993). Writing research papers (7th ed). Harper Collins.
Leudar, I., Marshland, V., & Nekvapil, J. (2004). On membership categorization: ‘Us’, ‘Them’ and ‘Doing Violence’ in political discourse. Discourse and Society, 15(2-3), 243-266.
Levine, R., Locke, C., Searls, D., & Weinberger, D. (2011). The Cluetrain Manifesto: The end of business as usual. Basic Books.
Linares-Palomar, R., & Baraybar-Fernández, A. (2017). The empowerment of the film spectators: Theatrical on demand in Spain. El profesional de la información, 26(1), 67-76.
Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism Management, 29, 458-468.
Liu, T. (2018). Beyond “Aesthetics”: “Social imagination” of knowledge production and online film review. Contemporary Cinema, 11, 33-39.
Liu, Y. (2006), Word of mouth for movies: Its dynamics and impact on box office revenue. Journal of Marketing, 70(3), 74-89.
Liu, Z., Hong, L., & Liu, L. (2014). An investigation of online review helpfulness based on movie reviews. African Journal of Business Management, 8(12), 441-450.
Locke, K. D., & Horowitz, L. M. (1997). The multifaceted self effect: Flexibility or merely self-enhancement? Journal of Research in Personality, 31(3), 406-422.
López Escarcena, I. (2020). Multiple-viewing stories: Constructing expertise in online film evaluations through storytelling. Discourse, Context & Media, 36, 100404.
Lotz, A. D. (2008). On “television criticism”: The pursuit of the critical examination of a popular art. Popular Communication, 6, 20-36.
Mackiewicz, J. (2010). Assertions of expertise in online product reviews. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 24(1), 3-28.
Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2003). Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the clause. Continuum.
Martin, J. R., & White, P. P. R. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.
Martinez, C. (2015). Otherness and the nature of the multifaceted self. Res Cogitans, 6(1), 153-161.
Marwick, A. E., Boyd, D. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 1(13), 114-133.
Mayne, J. (1993). Cinema and spectatorship. Routledge.
McCarthy, E. D. (1996). Knowledge as culture: The new sociology of knowledge. Routledge.
McGuigan, J. (2005). The cultural public sphere. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 8(4), 427-443.
McKee, A. (2005). The public sphere: An introduction. Cambridge University press.
Moe, W. W., & Schweidel, D. A. (2014). Social media intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
Moon, S., Bergey, P., & Iacobucci, D. (2010). Dynamic effects among movie ratings, movie revenues, and viewer satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 74, 108-121.
Moore, W. L., & Lehmann, D. R. (1980). Individual differences in search behavior for a nondurable. Journal of Consumer Research, 7, 296-307.
Myers, G., & Lampropoulou, S. (2012). Impersonal you and stance-taking in social research interviews. Journal of Pragmatics, 44, 1206-1218.
Nelson, P. J. (1970). Information and consumer behavior. Journal of Political Economy, 78(2), 311-329.
Nelson, P. J. (1974). Advertising as information. Journal of Political Economy, 82(4), 729-754.
Nelson, P. J. (1976). Economic value of advertising. In Y. Brozen (Ed.), Advertising and society (pp. 109-141). New York University Press.
Nelson, P. J. (1981). Consumer information and advertising. In M. Galatin & R. D. Leiter (Eds.), Economics of information (pp. 42-77). Springer.
Newman, J. W., & Staelin, R. (1972). Prepurchase information seeking for new cars and major household appliances. Journal of Marketing Research, 9, 249-257.
Ninan, D. (2010). De se attitudes: Ascription and communication. Philosophy Compass, 5(7), 551-567.
Norton, B. (1997). Language, identity and the ownership of English. TESOL Quarterly, 31, 409-429.
Ohanian, R. (1990). Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers’ perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Journal of Advertising, 19, 39-52.
Otterbacher, J. (2011). Being heard in review communities: Communication tactics and review prominence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16, 424-444.
Radford, A. (2004). English syntax: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Palmer, R., Toff, B., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). “The media covers up a lot of things”: Watchdog ideals meet folk theories of journalism. Journalism Studies, 21(14), 1973-1989.
Pardo, A. (2015). From the big screen to the small ones: How digitization is transforming the distribution, exhibition and consumption of movies. In V. Crisp & G. M. Gonring (Eds.), Besides the screen: Moving images through distribution, promotion and curation (pp. 23-45). Palgrave Macmillan.
Park, C. W., & Lessig, V. P. (1977). Students and housewives: Differences in susceptibility to reference group influence. Journal of Consumer Research, 4, 102-110.
Park, R. E. (1950). Race and culture. The Free Press.
Potter, J. (1996). Representing reality: Discourse, rhetoric and social construction. Sage.
Reinstein, D. A., & Snyder, C. M. (2005). The influence of expert reviews on consumer demand for experience goods: A case study of movie critics. Journal of Industrial Economics, 53(1), 27-51.
Reilly, J. S., Zamora, A., & McGivern, R. F. (2005). Acquiring perspective in English: The development of stance. Journal of Pragmatics 37(2). 185-208.
Robbins, B. (1993) Introduction: The public as phantom. In B. Robbins (Ed.), The phantom public sphere (pp. vii–xxvi). University of Minnesota Press.
Roberge, J. (2011). The aesthetic public sphere and the transformation of criticism. Social Semiotics, 21(3,) 435-453.
Rosten, L. C. (1939). A ‘Middletown’ study of Hollywood. Public Opinion Quarterly, 5, 3l4-320.
Ryan, M. R. (1992). Gender and public access: Women’s politics in nineteenth-century America. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Habermas and the public sphere (pp. 259-288). The MIT Press.
Sacks, H. (1972). On the analysability of stories by children. In J. J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 325-345). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Saeed, J. I. (2009). Semantics (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
Sande, G. N., Goethals, G. R., & Radloff, C. E. (1988). Perceiving one’s own traits and others’: The multifaceted self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(1), 13-20.
Schegloff, E. A. (2007). A tutorial on membership categorization. Journal of Pragmatics, 39, 462-482.
Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. W. (2001). Intercultural communication: A discourse approach (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers.
Scott, K. (2022). Pragmatics online. Routledge.
Senft, T. (2008). Camgirls: Celebrity and community in the age of social networks. Peter Lang.
Skorczynska, H. (2020). “We are prepared to play our part...”: A case study of the use of first-person references in e-releases from two oil companies. Journal of Pragmatics, 155, 1-14.
Smythe, D. W. (1981). On the audience commodity and its work. In M. G. Durham & D. M. Kellner (Eds.), Media and cultural studies (pp. 230-256). Blackwell.
Stigler, G. J. (1961). The economics of information. Journal of Political Economy, 69(3), 213-225.
Taboada, M. (2004). The genre structure of bulletin board messages. Text Technology, 13(2), 55-82.
Taboada, M. (2011). Stages in an online review genre. Text and Talk, 31(2), 247-269.
Tapscott, D. (2009). Grown up digital: How the Net generation is changing your world. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Terranova, T. (2004). Network culture: Politics for the information age. Pluto Press.
Ullah, R., Zeb, A., & Kim, W. (2015). The impact of emotions on the helpfulness of movie reviews. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 13, 359-363.
Urban, G. (2001). Metaculture: How culture moves through the world. University of Minnesota Press.
van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249-283.
Vásquez, C. (2014). The discourse of online consumer reviews. Bloomberg.
Vásquez, C. (2015). Intertextuality and interdiscursivity in online consumer reviews. In R. H. Jones, A. Chik & C. A. Hafner (Eds.), Discourse and digital practices: Doing discourse analysis in the digital age (pp. 66-80). Routledge.
Virtanen, T. (2017). Adaptability in online consumer reviews: Exploring genre dynamics and interactional choices. Journal of Pragmatics, 116, 77-90.
Waddell, T. (2015). Transitional fantasies of masculinity. In L. Hockley & N. Fadina (Eds.), The happiness illusion: How the media sold us a fairytale (pp. 17-33). Routledge.
Wang, T., & Xu, X. (2022). Better I than He: Personal perspective modulates counterfactual processing. Brain & Language, 228, 105105.
Warshow, R. (1970). The immediate experience: Movies, comics, theatre and other aspects of popular culture. Atheneum.
Weigand, E. (2016). The dialogic principle revisited: Speech acts and mental states. In A. Capone & J. L. Mey (Eds.), Interdisciplinary studies in pragmatics, culture and society (pp. 209-232). Springer.
Wellman, B. (2001). Computer networks as social networks. Science, 293(5537), 2031-2034.
Wellman, B., Boase, J., & Chen, W. (2002). The networked nature of community: Online and offline. IT & Society, 1(1), 151-165.
Wiggins, S. N., & Lane, W. J. (1983). Quality uncertainty, search, and advertising. American Economic Review, 73, 881-894.
Wolinsky, A. (1995). Competition in markets for credence goods. Journal of Institutional Theoretical Economics, 151, 117-131.
Wyatt, R. O., & Badger, D. P. (1990). Effects of information and evaluation in film criticism. Journalism Quarterly, 67(2), 359-368.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 341-352.
Zhai, Q., Cao, X., Mokhtarian, P. L., & Zhen, F. (2017). The interactions between e-shopping and store shopping in the shopping process for search goods and experience goods. Transportation, 44, 885-904.
Zhang, L., Luo, J., & Yang, S. (2009). Forecasting box office revenue of movies with BP neural network. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(3), 6580-6587.
Zhen, F., Du, X., Cao, J., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2018). The association between spatial attributes and e-shopping in the shopping process for search goods and experience goods: Evidence from Nanjing. Journal of Transport Geography, 66, 291-299.