注意力不足/過動症屬於一種神經發展性疾患，患者具有相較其發展年齡而言是較不適當的且持續性地無法專注與過動/衝動症狀，並且會干擾患者的功能與發展。相關的研究聚焦於家長對孩子行為的歸因模式研究，關注在不同的歸因情境中，家長歸因兒童行為之歸因模式的變異性，尤其是對孩子問題行為的歸因。前人的研究結果顯示，注意力不足/過動症兒童的母親與一般兒童的母親之歸因模式具有差異性，前者傾向對兒童的問題行為歸因較多來自內在的、穩定的、及不可控制的因素。本研究以Johnston (Johnston, 1997; Johnston, 2006; Johnston, 2009)的系列性研究、McArthur (McArthur, 1972)、Harris (Harris, Todorov, & Fiske, 2005)的研究為基礎，使用McArthur Paradigm (McArthur, 1972)，結合正向、負向兒童行為語句做為研究材料，欲探討和比較注意力不足/過動症兒童的母親與一般兒童的母親對兒童行為語句進行歸因的結果。共有68位參與者參與本研究，包含30位注意力不足/過動症兒童的母親、38位一般兒童的母親。參與者將會進行電腦化的行為歸因作業及填答評量兒童行為的量表、評量母親情緒狀態及親職壓力狀態的量表。行為歸因作業包含兒童利社會行為語句四句、兒童不專注行為語句二句、兒童過動/衝動行為語句二句，搭配八種資訊情境呈現。研究結果顯示在高共識性、高區辨性及高一致性(HHH)情境中，注意力不足/過動症兒童的母親和一般兒童的母親皆對兒童正向行為做較少個人歸因，做較多媽媽自我歸因；在高共識性、低區辨性、高一致性(HLH)情境中，一般兒童的母親對兒童負向行為做較多個人歸因。此外，情境與兒童正負向行為之交互作用達顯著性；組別差異則未達顯著。

SUMMARY
The first purpose of the research is to explore the attribution style of mothers of children with ADHD compared with mothers of children without ADHD. The second purpose of the research is to explore whether different types of behaviors of children has an effect on the attribution style of mothers. The study enrolls sixty-eight mothers of 9- to 13-year-old children with or without ADHD as participants. The ADHD group enrolls thirty mothers. The control group enrolls thirty-eight mothers. Eight brief sentences describing behaviors of children are used as experimental materials. Each sentence belongs to one of the three categories: prosocial behaviors, hyperactivity/impulsivity behaviors, and inattention behaviors. Computer experiment is applied to participants while they read eight behavioral sentences repeatedly under the McArthur paradigm. In McArthur paradigm, both groups of participants make attribution for behaviors of children by choosing one from four choices under eight conditions. Each condition is a combination of high or low level of consensus, distinctiveness and consistency information. The result shows that both different conditions and types of behaviors would elicit different attribution styles. Both groups of mothers view positive behaviors of children more to stimulus attribution or mothers’ self-attribution, and view negative behaviors of children more to person attribution. The main conclusion is that under the eight different conditions, the attribution style made by mothers of children with or without ADHD would also depends on different types of children’s behaviors.
INTRODUCTION
Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder belongs to a neurodevelopmental disorder. The core symptom of ADHD children is inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behaviors that may have negative impacts on their development and functioning. Recent researches focus on the studies of parental attribution since the attitudes or viewpoints of parents toward their children’ behaviors have major impacts on parents’ emotional states and behavioral responses to the child, which may affect parent-child interactions reciprocally. The social cognitive model proposed from Dix presents a point of view that parental attribution is like a filter, which may explain the reason for children’s positive or negative behaviors. Furthermore, how parents view their children’s behaviors may have influence on the parenting style. Some studies have been focused on the attribution style of parents to their children’s behavior, especially for negative behaviors. Mothers of ADHD children do have different attribution style comparing with mothers of non-ADHD children that attribute problem behaviors of children to more internal, stable and uncontrollable causes. The objective of the research is to identify the attribution style of Taiwanese mothers of children with ADHD or non-ADHD based on the behavioral study revealing significant differences in attribution processes between mothers of normal children and mothers of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects: the research enrolls sixty-eight mothers of 9- to 13-year-old children with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as participants. The ADHD group enrolls thirty mothers. The control group enrolls thirty-eight mothers. Both groups of mothers come from southern cities of Taiwan, includes Tainan and Kaohsiung. The exclusion criteria includes mothers who do not born from and live in Taiwan, and mothers who have been lived in another country for more than five years. Mothers who have children with neurodevelopmental disorders or psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder or mental retardation may also be ruled out.
Methods and procedures: The research is based on Kelley’s covariation model (Kelley, 1967) and studies of McArthur paradigm (McArthur, 1972). Eight brief sentences describing behaviors of children are used as experimental materials. Each sentence belongs to one of the three categories: prosocial behaviors (positive behaviors), hyperactivity/impulsivity behaviors, and inattention behaviors (negative behaviors). Computer experiment is applied to participants. Both groups of mothers would read eight behavioral sentences repeatedly using a computer in the laboratory of Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University. Both groups of mothers make attribution for behaviors of children by choosing one from four choices under eight conditions. The experimental design is based on Kelley’s attribution theory. Each condition is a combination of high or low level of consensus, distinctiveness and consistency information. Study materials also include rating scales for children’s behaviors and the emotional states and parental stress of mothers.
RRSULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results: sentences describing positive behaviors under high consensus, high distinctiveness, and high consistency (HHH) condition would elicit stimulus/self-attribution from mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sentences describing negative behaviors under high consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency (HLH) condition would elicit person attribution from mothers of children without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The interaction of experimental conditions (8 conditions) and types of children’s behaviors (positive or negative behaviors) is significant. Both groups of mothers view positive behaviors more to mothers’ self-attribution, and view negative behaviors more to person attribution.
CONCLUTION
The attribution style made by mothers of children with or without ADHD depends on both additional information (8 conditions) and the types of children’s behaviors (positive or negative behaviors). Contrary to the research hypothesis, both groups of mothers may view positive behaviors of children to mothers’ self-attribution, and view negative behaviors of children to person attribution. Although the result is not completely in accordance with results from previous researches, it may give us knowledge to the attribution style made by mothers of ADHD children comparing with mothers of non-ADHD children. Furthermore, the research may investigate other variables relevant to the attribution style of mothers, which may have important impact on parent-child relationship.

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