當我們在欣賞一場精采的籃球比賽時，如果因為一個錯誤的判決而影響到比賽的結果，是非常不公平的。基於希望有一場公平判決比賽的想法，本篇論文實作一個輔助裁判判決的系統，企圖降低裁判過於主觀對於比賽的不好影響，系統可以從攝影機提供的畫面做出正確的分析供裁判參考。本研究模擬七隻架設於籃球場地的攝影機影像來對每一個畫面進行分析，利用影像處理的相關技術來對球員、籃球、禁區、籃板做偵測、追蹤，進而利用這些相關技術的分析可以得到「籃球與籃板的關係」、「球員與籃球的關係」、「球員與禁區的關係」、「球員之間的關係」等資訊。由於若只從單一攝影機所擷取到的影像去做分析，則會有物體之間彼此相互遮蔽的嚴重問題。因此我們利用平面投影轉換的概念，可以將多個不同角度的攝影機影像當中的同一個物件視為相同物件，來解決遮蔽的問題。本研究將會對籃球比賽影片做出四項違例及犯規的檢測來輔助裁判判決，分別為：(1)干擾球違例(2)籃下三秒違例(3)撞人/阻擋犯規(4)打手犯規。實驗結果顯示本系統針對此四項犯規及違例檢測的正確率可以有效輔助裁判的判決，提升裁判的判決品質。

It is very unfair when we enjoy the basketball game which has an error of judgment. Hope to have a fair judgment based on race, this paper implements an auxiliary referee system. The system’s purpose is attempting to reduce the bad influence because referees have too much subjective consciousness. This system can provide pictures from the camera to make a correct analysis of reference for referees. In his study, we can simulate seven kinds of images from the seven camera which is mounted on the basketball court to analysis every frames. Using some image process’s technology to detect the player, basketball, restricted area, backboard and tracking it. Using these analysis of the technology to obtain the information which are the relationships that are between the basketball and the backboard, the players and the basketball, the players and the restricted area, the player and the player. If we only use one camera to obtain the information, we will have the problem that the phenomenon of mutual shadowing between objects. So, we can use the planar projection conversion’s concept to solve the problem of shelter. Our system will make the four finds of detections to assist referee make the correct judgment which are goaltending, three seconds, offensive foul/interference and hacking. From the experimental results shown, our system can effectively detect the foul and the violation to assist the referee to make the correct judgment.

[1]Y. Freund, R.E. Schapire, “A Decision-Theoretic Generalization of On-Line Learning and an Application to Boosting,” Journal of Computer and System Sciences, Vol. 55, pp. 119-139,1997.
[2]P. Viola, M. Jones, “Robust Real-time Object Detection” ICCV 2nd International Workshop on Statistical and Computational Theories of Vision: Modeling, Learning, Computing and Sampling, February. 2001.
[3]J. Xing, H. Ai, L. Liu, S. Lao, “Multiple Player Tracking in Sports Video: A Dual-Mode Two-Way Bayesian Inference Approach With Progressive Observation Modeling” IEEE Transaction on Image Processing vol. 20,Issue:6, pp.1652-1667,June 2011.
[4]M. Isard, A. Blake, “Condensation—Conditional density propagation for visual tracking,” Int. J. Comput. Vis. , vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 5–28, Aug. 1998.
[5]C. Shen, A. van den Hengel, A. Dick, “Probabilistic multiple cue integration for particle filter based tracking,” in Proc. Digital Image Computing: Tech. Applicat., Sydney, Australia, pp. 309–408, Dec. 2003.
[6]Y. Li, H. Ai, T. Yamashita, S. Lao, M. Kawade, “Tracking in low frame rate video: A cascade particle filter with discriminative observers of different life spans,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intel., vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1728–1740, Oct. 2008.
[7]C. Hue, J.-P. L. Cadre, P. Perez, “A particle filter to track multiple objects,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop Multi-Object Tracking, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 61–68, Jun. 2001.
[8]J. Xing, H. Ai, and S. Lao, “Multi-object tracking through occlusions by local tracklets filtering and global tracklets association with detection responses,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recogni.,Miami, FL, pp. 1200–1207, Jun. 2009.
[9]Official Basketball Rules 2012, Jul. 5, 2012 Available :
http://www.fiba.com/downloads/Rules/2012/OfficialBasketballRules2012.pdf
[10]Y. Hayashi and H. Fujiyoshi, "Mean-Shift-Based Color Tracking in Illuminance Change," Robot Soccer World Cup XI, pp. 302-311,2007.
[11]R. Bourezak and G. Bilodeau, "Object detection and tracking using iterative division and correlograms," in Proc. of the 3rd Canadian Conference of Computer and Robot Vision, pp. 38-38, 07-09 June 2006.
[12]H. Mei, A.Sethi, W. Hua and Y. Gong, "A detection-based multiple object tracking method," in Proc. of International Conference on Image Processing( ICIP) , Volume 5, pp.3065 - 3068, 24-27 Oct. 2004.
[13]S. Birchfield and S. Rangarajan, " Spatiograms versus histograms for region-based tracking," in Proc. of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Volume 2, pp. 1158-1163, 20-25 June 2005.
[14]D. Roller, K .Daniilidis, and H.Nagel, "Model-based object tracking in monocular image sequences of road traffic scenes," International Journal of Computer Vision, pp. 257-281, 1993.
[15]Q. Delamarre and O. Faugeras, "3D Articulated Models and Multi-View Tracking with Silhouettes," in Proc. of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Volume 2 , pp. 716-721, 20-27 Sept. 1999
[16]I. Karaulova, P. Hall, and A. Marshall, "A hierarchical model of dynamics for tracking people with a single video camera," in Proc. of British Machine Vision Conference, pp. 262-352, 2000.
[17]F. Chang , L. Ma, and Y. Qiao, " Target Tracking Under Occlusion by Combining Integral-Intensity-Matching with Multi-block-voting," in Proc. of Lecture Notes, Volume 3644, pp.77-86, 2005.
[18]P. F. Gabriel, J. G. Verly, J. H. Piater, and A. Genon, "The State of the Art in Multiple Object Tracking Under occlusion in video sequences," in Proc. Of Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, Belgium ,September 2-5, 2003.
[19]K. Nummiaro, E.K. Meier, L.V. Gool, “A color base particle filter,” in First International Workshop on Generative-Model-Based Vision, pp. 53-60, 2002.
[20]P. F. Cheng, W. H.Wang, and C.Y. Lin, " Adaptive Object Detection and Tracking," ICL TECHNICAL JOURNAL, Volume 20, pp. 78-84, 2007.
[21]Y.Satoh, T. Okatani and K. Deguchi, "A Color-based Tracking by Kalman Particle Filter," in Proc. of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Volume 3, pp. 502 - 505, 23-26 Aug. 2004.
[22]L. Li, W. Huang, I.Y.H. Gu, Q. Tina, “Foreground object detection from videos containing complex background,” ACM Multimedia, Berkeley, CA, USA, pp.2-10, Nov. 2003.
[23]楊棠鈞,”結合Adaboost分類器和支援向量機的路標辨識系統之實現” 國立成功大學工程科學系碩士論文, Jul. 2009.
[24]楊承翰,”多鏡頭影像之評估與挑選系統—以籃球比賽影片播放為例” 國立成功大學工程科學系碩士論文, Jul. 2012.
[25]謝明逢,”利用雙攝影機取像模組建構一大型環境監控系統”,國立中央大學資訊工程研究所碩士論文,June.2005.
[26]顏妙純,”一個即時移動物偵測與追蹤的嵌入式系統”,國立中央大學資訊工程研究所碩士論文,June.2009.