此論文試圖引出威廉．渥滋華斯<<草窪居紀>>中三種概念──家園，家人，生計──並利用新歷史主義的思考方試來閱讀其中各種置換模式。換言之，將此詩置於社會史與主題脈絡雙重背景下閱讀，筆者企圖將渥滋華斯在詩中對家園，家人，及生計的描寫視為置換的呈現。首先要論述的是：渥滋華斯在出生地附近──草窪(Grasmere)，所重建的家園呈現出他對孩提時所失去的家園之懷想，以及由於１７９０年代的背叛產生之挫折感而尋求慰藉。把家園以及自己想像成受到群山的保衛，渥滋華斯更藉由獲取山谷中散播的愉悅、溢流之愛與安全感來置換及補償挫折所產生的失落感。此外，渥滋華斯所建立的家包括幾個成員，其中最重要的是他的妹妹──桃樂絲；但在詩中她卻被描述或被架空成一個沉默的聽眾。在細查兄妹倆的生活式之後，筆者試圖驗證，桃樂絲提供了渥滋華斯不可或缺的家庭之愛，而這份愛當時被視為核心家庭的一種風氣。相較於桃樂絲，被納入渥滋華斯家庭中的柯律芝其角色就顯得尷尬了。但是，透過柯律芝，渥滋華斯更順理成章的把自己對家庭的情感從家中擴張到公眾領域，以致於換置了他對核心家庭的渴望。而在描述山谷中居民們的生活方式時，渥滋華斯呈現出他對他們自給自足且獨立的生計之嚮往。但在檢驗詩中兩個矛盾的家庭故事之後，筆者認為渥滋華斯對此自給自足生活的描述也是置換的呈現，等於是對如此生活消逝之懷想。也由於這份懷想，渥滋華斯企圖以詩的創作來自給自足。然而，為了維持自己與家人的生活，渥滋華斯不但必須累積詩的題材，還要尋找潛在的讀者；如此的作為意謂著他本身正陷入某種兩難之中──兜售；那是一種介於資本化之前的捐助風氣與資本化式的商品銷售行為。不過，在渥滋華斯為隱者 (The Recluse)一書所提出的宏偉主旨 ──「論人，自然，生活」中，山谷中的一切幾乎包括了，並且涵蓋、置換了他所身陷的兩難。因此，在<<草窪居記>>中家園、家人、生計等概念都因渥滋華斯意識型態上不願坦然面對失落的事實而被置換了，這些失落包括與安妮塔．法蓉可能的婚姻、與柯律芝的友誼、以及昔日迎合自我的資助等。

This thesis attempts to bring out the three ideas—home, family, and livelihood—in William Wordsworth’s Home at Grasmere so as to facilitate the reading of these ideas in terms of New Historist thinking as patterns of displacement. That is, putting the poem in both socio-historical and thematic context, I would like to approach Wordsworth’s delineations of home, family, and livelihood in the poem as displacements. This thesis first argues that Wordsworth’s home re-established in the natural vale, Grasmere, near his birthplace represents both a nostalgia for the paternal home he lost in his childhood and the demand for consolation due to the frustration resulting from the betrayals in 1790s. Imagining his home and his self as guarded by the mountains, Wordsworth tries to grasp the spreading joy, overflowing love, and safety provided by the vale to displace and to compensate for the senses of loss. Besides, Wordsworth’s home consists of several members, and the most essential one is his sister, Dorothy Wordsworth, who is described and annihilated as a silent listener in the poem. But scrutinizing their modus vivendi, their ways of life, I would like to speculate that Dorothy provides indispensable family affections, which are viewed as the ethos of nuclear family, to Wordsworth. Compared with Dorothy, Coleridge, who is accommodated in Wordsworth’s family, stands for an ambiguous character through whom Wordsworth extends his family affections from the domestic to the public so as to displace his desire for the ethos of nuclear family. Furthermore, when depicting the local dwellers’ ways of life, Wordsworth demonstrates his obsession with their self-sufficient and independent livelihood. But examining the paradoxical narration of the two family tales in the poem, I am inclined to study Wordsworth’s descriptions of the self-sufficient life at Grasmere as displacements—a nostalgia for the loss of such a livelihood. Because of the nostalgia, Wordsworth himself attempts to practice the similar way of laboring in his poetical output. In order to maintain his own life as well as his family’s life, Wordsworth has to accumulate poetical subject matters and to search for possible readers, which traps him into the dilemma of peddling—an act between pre-capitalist patronage and capitalist commodity-selling, and such a dilemma is displaced by his sonorous announcement of his plan of writing The Recluse, “On Man, on Nature, on Human Life”—almost everything in the vale but not reality. In this way, Wordsworth’s concepts of home, family, and livelihood in Home at Grasmere are exquisitely displaced for his ideological reluctance to face the facts of loss—the loss of possible marriage with Annette Vallon, friendship with Coleridge, old self-ingratiating patronage, etc.

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