茶（Camellia sinensis），多年生常綠木本植物，為世界重要的經濟作物之ㄧ，與咖啡、可可同為著名的非酒精性飲料。中國為最早懂得利用茶樹的民族，除了野生稻的馴化歷史外，中國茶的馴化過程也是先民智慧的結晶，從古書記載以及考古證據推測茶樹起源於中國西南的雲南一帶，利用親源地理學的概念，以物種親緣特徵為基礎，探討物種受地質歷史事件，並可藉由重建物種、族群演化的歷史和遺傳結構的基礎，以了解遺傳變異在族群的分佈。
由於分子技術的發展，利用分子證據能提供大量的遺傳資訊以供分析。其中中性分子標記微衛星DNA 序列，以其演化上趨於中性以及快速微衛星DNA 序列對120 個野生和栽培中國茶樣本進行分析，以探討台灣和中國野生族群的分化，並針對中國茶的起源和栽培茶種的傳播，進行族群結構分析。
結果顯示茶的分化指數FST 平均為0.156，屬於中低度分化。從AMOVA分析顯示野生族群的歧異度(10.12%)略高於栽培族群(6.21%)。其野生族群的分化指數和地理距離成正比符合dispersal 族群擴張模式。野生族群在分群上分為台灣野生和中國野生這兩個分枝，且台灣東部的永康山對中國族群的分化指數高於西部的笠頂山，顯示中央山脈為有效的地理障壁。其各族群的核苷酸歧異度θ 為0.0284 ~ 0.1198，而栽培族群的θ 值為0.0438 ~ 0.1195，代表茶並未經過強力的單一性狀篩選或者為多次馴化的結果，才能保有高度的θ 值。利用STRUCTURE 分析個體的遺傳特徵可探測到四川野生族群和雲南野生族群共有的基因特徵以及台灣栽培族群和福建的共有特徵。

Camellia sinensis has become one of the most important economic cropsin the world. Like coffee and coco, tea is a popular soft drink. Being the earliestculture of tea drinking, Chinese have cultivated tea tree ever since 5000 yearsago. Historical and archaeometrical studies revel that the cultivated tea treemay originate from south-west China. In the study, the genetic structure of wildand cultivate tea was examined based on SSR.
Microsatellite DNAs with fast mutations are suitable for ideal tools forpopulation genetics. In this study, using 16 microsatellites, 120 tea samples of wild and between Taiwan and China’s population. In result, the Fst of tea population on average are 0.156, and show that Taiwan population are surly diverse from China. By AMOVA show that the diversity between populations of the wild tea (10.12%) are higher than the cultivate one (6.21%). From diversity index can know wild tea dispersing pattern matches the hypothesis of dispersal model, are correlated with population distance. By using genetic analyzing, genetic pattern between individual are detected, and can be use in detecting population expanding and gene flow. But with high characteristic pattern because of cultivar selections, the cultivate population are much significant than the wild one, and show evidence of gene flow from Fujian to Taiwan cultivate tea because of the immigrations.

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