隨著無線通訊技術應用層面的增廣，無線通訊定位技術(wireless location technology)以及行動定位服務(location based services, LBS)也備受關注。無線定位技術主要是用以估測無線通訊系統中行動通訊裝置，也就是行動台(mobile station, MS)之位置，且可應用於不同層面，包括E911急難救助、安全服務以及智慧型運輸系統。行動台的定位精準度完全取決於無線通訊的傳播環境，如果行動台(mobile station, MS)與基地台(base station, BS)之間存在視線傳播(line-of-sight, LOS)，則可得到較佳的定位精準度。事實上在基地台與行動台間是存在非視線傳播(non-line-of-sight, NLOS)將導致時間和角度的誤差，使量測造成誤差進而影響定位精度，因此減少非視線傳播效應造成之誤差成為相當重要的課題。
接收能力(hearability)指的是行動台同時接收到鄰近基地台訊號的能力。在鄉村地區，基地台的涵蓋範圍較廣大，除了提供服務的基地台之外，行動台較無法接收鄰近基地台訊號。因此基地台的缺乏，將限制定位服務的涵蓋範圍，並且影響定位技術的使用。所以基地台不足時或是測量訊號有較大誤差時，則必須整合不同的測量資訊，得到更精確的行動台位置。
混合田口基因演算法(Hybrid Taguchi-Genetic Algorithm, HTGA)是由Tsai等人於2004年所提出，結合了基因演算法的全域搜尋功能以及田口設計方法的強健性，在基因演算法流程中的交配步驟利用田口方法取代，使演算法能夠以更快的效率選擇較佳的基因，藉著此演算法增加運算效率及更穩健的結果。模擬結果顯示本論文所提出之田口基因演算法比起基因演算法能較快達到收斂，並且增加執行速度與運算效率。本論文結合了定位方法與田口基因演算法，進行估測行動台之位置，以達到提高定位精度與降低系統變動性之目標。

Wireless location technology and location based services are the focus of world attention as the wireless communication application are developed gradually. Wireless location technology is mainly used to estimate the position of mobile station (mobile station, MS) in wireless communication system and it can be applied to different application, including E911 emergency assistance, security services, and intelligent transportation systems. Mobile station positioning accuracy entirely depends on wireless propagation environment, if the transmission between mobile station (Mobile station, MS) and the base station (base station, BS) is line of sight (LOS), and then it can get better positioning accuracy. In fact, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) is existence in our life and it can cause the error of time and angle, so that the measurement error thereby affecting the positioning accuracy. Therefore, how to reduce the error caused by the NLOS propagation became a very important topic.
Hearability refers to the ability of mobile station that receives neighboring base stations simultaneously. In rural areas, the scope of base station is very wide; in addition to the base station which providing service, the mobile station has difficulty in receiving the signals from neighbor BS. Therefore, the lack of BSs will limit the scope of location-based services and impact the performances of positioning technology. Therefore, we should integrate different measurement information to get more precise location of mobile station when the BSs are insufficient or the signals have greater measurement error.
Hybrid Taguchi-Genetic Algorithm (HTGA) was proposed by Tsai et al. in 2004. It combined global search capabilities of genetic algorithm with the robustness of Taguchi design method, and Taguchi method is replaced the step of the crossover operation in genetic algorithm to choose the better gene efficiently. It can increase the efficiency of calculation and maintain more stable results by this algorithm. Obviously the results show that the proposed architectures for using HTGA to locate MS can reduce the number of iterations and decrease the calculation complexity. This thesis combines the positioning method with Hybrid Taguchi Genetic Algorithm to estimate the location of a mobile station to improve positioning accuracy and reduce the variability of the system.

[1] FCC, “Revision of the commission’s rules to insure compatibility with enhanced 911 emergency calling systems,” Technical Report RM-8143, FCC, July 1996.
[2] J. H. Reed, K. J. Krizman, B. D. Woerner, and T. S. Rappaport, “An overview of the challenges and progress in meeting the E-911 requirement for location service,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 30-37, Apr. 1998.
[3] “How accurate E911?” GPS World. Questex Media Group, Inc. Nov. 2007. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
[4] “Wireless 911 Services”. Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau. FCC.gov. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
[5] J. J. Caffery, Jr. and G. Stuber, “Overview of radiolocation in CDMA cellular systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 38-45, Apr. 1998.
[6] E. D. Kaplan and C. J. Hegarty, “Understanding GPS: principles and applications,” Artech House Press, Boston, 2005.
[7] K. J. Krizman, T. E. Biedka, and T. S. Rappaport, “Wireless position location: fundamentals, implementation strategies, and sources of error,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 2, pp. 919-923, May 1997.
[8] Pi-Chun Chen, “A non-line-of-sight error mitigation algorithm in location estimation,” Proc. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, vol.1, pp. 316-320, 1999.
[9] S. S. Woo, H. R. You, and J. S. Koh, “The NLOS mitigation technique for position location using IS-95 CDMA networks,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 6, pp. 2556-2560, Sep. 2000.
[10] M. Silventoinen and T. Rantalainen, “Mobile station emergency locating in GSM,” in IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communications, pp. 232-238, Feb. 1996.
[11] J. H. Yap, S. Ghaheri-Niri, and R. Tafazolli, “Accuracy and hearability of mobile positioning in GSM and CDMA networks,” Third International Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, pp. 350-354, May 2002.
[12] T. S. Rappaport, J H. Reed, and B. D. Woerner, “Position location using wireless communications on highways of the future,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 34, pp. 33-41, Oct. 1996
[13] S. Riter and J. McCoy, “Automatic vehicle location—An overview,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 7-11, Feb. 1977.
[14] J. J. Caffery and G. L. Stuber, “Vehicle location and tracking for IVHS in CDMA microcells,” in IEEE Personal Indoor Mobile Radio Conference, vol. 4, pp. 1227-1231, Sep. 1994.
[15] J. J. Caffery and G. L. Stuber, “Radio location in urban CDMA microcells,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium Personal, Indoor, Mobile Radio Communications, vol. 2, pp. 858-862, Sep. 1995.
[16] W. Chen, L. Chen, Z. Chen, and S. Tu, “WITS: A wireless sensor network for intelligent transportation system,” in Proc. of the First International Multi-Symposiums on Computer and Computational Science, vol. 2, pp. 635-641, Jun. 2006.
[17] S. S. Wang, M. Green, and M. Malkawa, “E-911 location standards and location commercial services,” in IEEE Emerging Technologies Symposium: Broadband, Wireless Internet Access, pp. 1-5, Apr. 2000.
[18] J. Ahn, J. Heo, S. Lim, J. Seo, and W. Kim, “A study of healthcare system for patient location data based on LBS,” Proc. International Conference Consumer Electronics, pp. 1-2, Jan. 2008.
[19] J. S. Maltz, T. S. C. Ng, D. J. Li, J. Wang, K. Wang, W. Bergeron, R. Martin, and T. F. Budinger, “The trauma patient tracking system: implementing a wireless monitoring infrastructure for emergency response,” Proc. IEEE International Conference Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 2441-2446, Jan. 2006.
[20] I. H. Shin, J. H. Lee, and H. C. Kim, “Ubiquitous monitoring system for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart disease patients,” Proc. IEEE International Conference Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 3689-3692, Aug. 2007.
[21] S. H. Chew, P. A. Chong, E. Gunawan, K. W. Goh, Y. Kim, and C. B. Soh, “A hybrid mobile-based patient location tracking system for personal healthcare applications,” Proc. IEEE International Conference Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 5188-5191, Sep. 2006.
[22] J. M. Zagami, S. A. Parl, J. J. Bussgang, and K. D. Melillo, “Providing universal location services using a wireless E911 location network,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 66-71, Apr. 1998.
[23] C. S. Chen, S. S. Su, and Y. F. Huang, “Hybrid TOA/AOA geometrical positioning schemes for mobile location,” IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol. E92-B, no 2, pp. 396-402, Feb. 2009.
[24] C. S Chen, "Artificial Neural Network for Location Estimation in Wireless Communication Systems", Sensors, vol. 12, pp. 2798-2817, 2012.
[25] C. S. Chen, J. M. Lin, W. H. Liu and C. L. Chi “MS Location Estimation with Genetic Algorithm,” IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, Vol. E95-A No.1 pp.305-312, 2012.
[26] M. N. Borenovic, M. I. Simic, A. M. Neskovic and M. M. Petrovic, “Enhanced Cell-ID + TA GSM positioning technique,” International Conference on in Computer as a Tool, vol. 2, pp. 1176-1179, Nov. 2005.
[27] W. G. Figel, N. H. Shepherd, and W. F. Trammell, “Vehicle location by a signal attenuation method,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. VT-18, no. 3, pp. 105-109, Nov. 1969.
[28] B. T. Fang, “Simple solution for hyperbolic and related position fixes,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 748-753, Sep. 1990.
[29] J. Caffery Jr. and G. L. Stuber, “Subscriber location in CDMA cellular networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 406-416, May 1998.
[30] M. Hata and T. Nagatsu, “Mobile location using signal strength measurements in a cellular system,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. VT-29, no. 2, pp. 245-252, May 1980.
[31] S. Anderson, M. Millnert, M. Viberg, and B. Wahlberg, “An adaptive array for mobile communication systems,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 230-236, Feb. 1991.
[32] W. C. Jakes,” Microwave Mobile Commun.” IEEE Press, 1994.
[33] M. Gans, “A Power-Spectral Theory of Propagation in the Mobile-Radio Environment,” IEEE Trans. Vehic. Tech., vol. VT-21, pp. 27-38, Feb. 1972.
[34] W. H. Foy, “Position-location solutions by Taylor series estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. AES-12, no. 2, pp. 187-194, Mar. 1976.
[35] J. J. Caffery, Jr., “A new approach to the geometry of TOA location,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1943-1949, Sep. 2000.

[36] Y. Zhao, “Mobile phone location determination and its impact on intelligent transportation systems,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 55-64, Mar. 2000.
[37] G. Ding, Z. Tan and Z. Zhang “Hybrid TOA/AOA Cooperative Localization in Non-Line-of-Sight Environments,” IEEE, Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1-5 May 2012.
[38] L. Cong and W. Zhuang, “Hybrid TDOA/AOA mobile user location in wideband CDMA systems,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Third Generation Wireless Communications, pp. 675-682, Jun. 2000.
[39] B. Y. Shikur, M. Farmani and T. Weber, “TOA/AOA/AOD-based 3-D mobile terminal tracking in NLOS multipath environments” Workshop on Positioning Navigation and Communication, pp201-205, Mar. 2012.
[40] S. Venkatraman and J. Caffery, Jr., “Hybrid TOA/AOA techniques for mobile location in non-line-of-sight environments,” in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, vol. 1, pp. 274-278, Mar. 2004.
[41] J. J. Caffery Jr., “Wireless Location in CDMA Cellular Radio Systems.” Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
[42]C. Li and W. Zhuang, “Nonline-of-sight error mitigation in mobile location,” IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 560-573, Mar. 2005.
[43] W. Kim, J. G. Lee, G.-I. Jee, and B. Kim, “Direct estimation of NLOS propagation delay for mobile station location,” Electronics Letters, vol. 38, no. 18, pp. 1056-1057, Aug. 2002.
[44] M. P. Wylie and J. Holtzman, “The non-line of sight problem in mobile location estimation,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference Universal Personal Communication, vol. 2, pp. 827-831, Sep. 1996.
[45] S. Venkatraman, J. Caffery, and H.-R. You, “A novel TOA location algorithm using LOS range estimation for NLOS environments,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1515-1524, Sep. 2004.
[46] S. Al-Jazzar, J. Caffery, and H.-R. You, “Scattering-model- based methods for TOA location in NLOS environments,” IEEE Trans. on vehicular Technology, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 583-593, Mar. 2007.
[47] Stjepan Picek, Marin Golub, Domagoj Jakobovic: “Influence of the crossover operator in the performance of the hybrid Taguchi GA,” IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, pp.1-8, Jun. 2012.
[48] J. H. Holland, “Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems.” The University Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1975.
[49] D. E. Goldberg “Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization & Machine Learning,” Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989.
[50] M. S. Phadke, “Quality Engineering Using Robust Design. Englewood Cliffs,” NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
[51] J. T. Tsai, T. K. Liu, and J. H. Chou, 2004, “Hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm for global numerical optimization,” IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 365-377, Aug. 2004.
[52] J. Huang and Q. Wan, “Analysis of TDOA and TDOA/SS based geolocation techniques in a non-line-of-sight environment,” Journal of Communications and Networks, Vol.14, pp.533-539, Oct. 2012.
[53] S. H. Doong, ”A Closed-Form Formula for GPS GDOP Computation”, Journal of GPS Solutions, Vol.13, pp.183-190, 2008.
[54] C. S. Chen, “Neural network for WGDOP approximation and mobile location,” Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences, pp.20-33, Aug. 2011.
[55] X. Bo and B. Shao, “Satellite selection algorithm for combined GPS Galileo navigation receiver,” Proc. Int. Conf. Autonomous Robots and Agents, pp.149-154, 2009.